4* 




Book_^^5___ 
Copyright N? . 



COFVRICHT DEPOSIT. 



HANDBOOK 

OF 

THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



McGraw-Hill BookCompai^ 

Puj6^is/iers c^3oo£§/br 

ElGCtrical World TheEtiginoGi-in^ andMining Journal 
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Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering P o we r 




HANDBOOK OF 

THEEMODYNAMIC TABLES 
AND DIAGRAMS 

A SELECTION OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS FROM 

ENGINEEHING THERMODYNAMICS 

BY 
CHARLES EDWARD LUCKE, Ph. D. 

PROFESSOR OP MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
NEW YORK CITY 



ARRANGED AND AMPLIFIED BY 

JOHN J.^lBtATHER, Ph. B., M. M. E. 

PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN UNIVERSITY 
OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS 



First Edition 



McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc. 

239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK 

6 BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON, E. C. 

1915 



Jo 



i'^^-^ 



V 



Copyright, 1915, by the 
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 




e- Xo 



D 



THE. MAPLE. PRES3.YOKK. PA 

JUL 2 1915 

©CI,A401613 



PREFACE 



While the following tables and diagrams have been arranged primarily for 
use with the authors' Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics it is thought 
that they will be of considerable value to all students of engineering as well as 
practicing engineers or others who may have occasion to undertake thermo- 
dynamic computations. 

Most of the tables have been taken from Dr. Lucke's larger work on Engi- 
neering Thermodynamics, but some new ones have been added, among which 
are the very convenient four place hyperbolic and common logarithms, the 
plates for which were kindly loaned by Professor E. V. Huntington. 

The authors desire to acknowledge their obligations to the various sources 

of information utilized in the preparation of the tables and diagrams. Special 

mention is due Professors Marks and Davis, for the use of material from their 

Steam Tables (Longmans, Green & Co.) ; to Mr. E. D. Thurston, Jr., whose 

invaluable help is gratefully acknowledged, and to Mr. T. M. Gunn for aid on 

part of the work. 

C. E. L. 

June. 1915. J- J- F. 



CONTENTS 



PAQB 

Preface v 

List of Tables ix 

List of Charts and Diagrams xi 

Part I 

Introduction 1-4 

Tables 5-137 

Part II 

Construction and Use of the Diagrams 139-150 

Charts 151-230 

Index 231-238 



VU 



LIST OF TABLES 



No. Paqb 

1. Conversion table of units of distance 5 

2. Conversion table of units of surface 5 

3. Conversion table of units of volume 5 

4. Conversion table of units of weights and force 5 

5. Conversion table of units of pressure 6 

6. Conversion table of units of work 6 

7. Conversion table of units of power 7 

8. Units of velocity 7 

9. Heat and power conversion table 7 

10. Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures 8 

11. Conversion table inches of mercury to pounds per square inch 10 

12. Piston positions for any crank angle 11 

13. Horse-power per pound mean effective pressure 12 

14. Constants for the curve PF" = K.... 13 

15. Values of s for adiabatic expansion of steam 14 

16. Valuesof sin the equation FF = constant for various substances and conditions. . 15 

17. Fixed temperatures 15 

18. Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit 16 

19. Values of x for use in Heck's formula for missing water 18 

20. Baume-specific gravity scale 19 

21. Freezing-point of calcium chloride brine 19 

22. Specific heats of solids 20-21 

23. Specific heats of gases 22-23 

24. Specific heats of liquids 24 

25. Specific heat of sodium chloride brine 25 

26. Coefficient of linear expansion of solids 25 

27. Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids 26 

28. Coefficient of volumetric expansion of gases and vapors at constant pressure 26 

29. Coefficient of pressure rise of gases and vapors at constant volume 27 

30. Compressibility of gases by their isothermals 28 

31. Values of the gas constant R 28 

32. Density of gases 29 

33. Ignition temperatures 30 

34. The critical point 30 

35. Latent heats of vaporization 31 

36. Latent heats of fusion 31 

37. Boiling-points 32 

38. International atomic weights 34 

39. Melting- or freezing-points 34 

40. Properties of saturated steam 36 

41. Properties of superheated steam 40 

42. Properties of saturated ammonia vapor 41 

43. Properties of saturated carbon dioxide vapor 50 

44. Relation between pressure, temperature and per cent. NHs in solution 54 

ix 



X LIST OF TABLES 

No. Page 

45. Values of partial pressure of ammonia and water vapors for various temperatures 

and per cents, of ammonia in solution 58 

46. Absorption of gases by liquids 60 

47. Absorption of air in water 60 

48. Air required for combustion of various substances. 61 

49. Radiation coefficients 61 

50. Coefficients of heat transfer 62 

51. Heats of combustion of fuel elements and chemical compounds 63 

52. Internal thermal conductivity 65 

53. Relative thermal conductivity. 68 

54. Comparison of cellulose and average wood composition 69 

55. Composition and calorific power of characteristic coals 70 

56. Combustible and volatile of coals, lignites and peats 78 

57. Classification of coals by gas and coke qualities 87 

58. Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleums 88 

59. Calorific power of mineral oils by calorimeter and calculation by density formula of 

Sherman and Kropff 89 

60. Properties of oil-gas 90 

61. Composition of natural gases 91 

62. Properties of mineral oils 92 

63. Composition of coke oven and retort coal gas 94 

64. Composition of U. S. coke 98 

65. Products of bituminous coal distillation 99 

66. Average distillation products of crude mineral oils 99 

67. Fractionation tests of kerosenes and petroleums 100 

68. Fractionation tests of gasolenes 102 

69. Composition of blast-furnace gas and air gas 104 

70. Rate of formation of CO from CO2 and carbon 106 

71. Composition of producer gas 108 

72. Composition of water gas 113 

73. Composition of oil producer gas 113 

74. Gas producer tests 114 

75. Composition of powdered coal producer gas 116 

76. Composition of boiler-flue gases 116 

77. Calorific powers of best air-gas mixtures 117 

78. Limits of proportions of explosive air-gas mixtures 118 

79. Rate of combustion of coal 119 

80. Diagram factors for Otto cycle gas engines 122 

81. Heat balances of gas and oil engines 123 

82. Mean effective pressure factors for Otto cycle engines 124 

83. Values of C for air flow (Weisbach) 125 

84. Flow change resistance factors Fr (Reitschel) 125 

85. Efficiency factors for reciprocating steam engines and turbines 126 

86. Chimney capacities (Kent) 130 

87. Chimney draft 131 

88. Common logarithms, 1 .0 to 1 .999 132 

89. Common logarithms, 1 . to 9 . 99 134 

90. Hyperbolic logarithms, 1.0 to 10.0 136 



LIST OF CHARTS 



Chart i«age 

1. Work and horse-power for single-stage compressors 151 

2. Work and horse-power for two-stage compressors 152 

3. Work and horse-power for three-stage compressors 153 

4. Mean effective pressure of compressors, one-, two-, and three-stages 154 

5. Value of supply pressure in maximum work and mean effective pressure 156 

6. Relative work of two- and three-stage compressors compared to single stage 157 

7. Diagram to give economy of exponential cycles referred to isothermal as standard . 158 

8. Compressor cylinder displacement for given capacity '. 159 

9. Graphical determination of mean effective pressure for single cylinder engines 160 

10. Relations for equal distribution of work in compound engine 161 

11. Specific heats of gases 162 

12. Specific heat of superheated steam 163 

13. Equivalent gas densities at different pressures and temperatures 164 

14. Ammonia pressure-temperature relations, for saturated vapor 165 

15. Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor 166 

16. Steam, pressure-temperature (Table XL) 167 

17. Steam, heat of the Hquid (Table XL) 168 

18. Steam, latent heat (Table XL) 169 

19. Steam, total heat (Table XL) 170 

20. Steam, specific volume and density of the liquid (Table XL) 171 

21. Steam, specific volume and density of the vapor (Table XL) 172 

22. Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons and light petroleum distillates of the gasolene class . 173 

23. Vapor pressure of heavy petroleum distillates of the kerosene class 174 

24. Vapor pressure of the alcohols ' 175 

25. Relation between wet and dry bulb psychrometer readings and dew point for air 

and water vapor 176 

26. Relation between humidity and weight of moisture per cubic foot of saturated air. 177 

27. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and temperature 178 

28. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and per cent. NH3 in 

solution 179 

29. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between temperature and per cent. NH3 in 

solution 180 

30. Fractional distillation of kerosene and petroleums 181 

31. Fractional distillation of gasolenes 182 

32. Composition of hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon 183 

33. Heats of reaction for hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon, B.T.U 184 

34. Relation between temperatures and heat for gases according to the constant and 

variable specific heat 185 

35. Rate of combustion of coal with draft 186 

36. Heat per pound of steam above feed temperature. Evaporation per hour per 

boiler horse-power. Factor of evaporation 187 

37. Heat balance for locomotive boiler 188 

38. Lifluence of various factors on boiler efficiency 189 

39. Influence of various factors on boiler efficiency 190 

xi 



xii LIST OF CHARTS 

CHART PAGB 

40. Constant volume lines for steam on the temperature-entropy diagram 191 

41. Exponential gas changes. Small pressure ratios 192 

42. Exponential gas changes. Larger pressure ratios 192 

43. Exponential gas changes. Relation between initial and final ratios of pressures, 

volumes, temperatures, and entropies 193 

44. Temperature-entropy diagram with lines of constant pressure and constant quality 

for steam 194 

45. The MoUier total heat entropy diagram for steam 195 

46. Rankine cycle. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially dry and saturated 196 

47. Rankine cycle. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially of any quality 197 

48. Rankine cycle. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam initially 

dry saturated 198 

49. Rankine cycle. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam initially 

of any quality 199 

50. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially dry 

saturated 200 

51. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially of any 

quality 201 

52. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet 

velocity. Steam initially dry and saturated 202 

53. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet 

velocity. Steam initially of any quality '. 203 

54. Thermal efficiency. Non-compression gas cycles, Brown, Lenoir, and Otto and 

Langen 204 

55. Work per lb. of gases and (m.e.p.). Non-compression gas cycles, Brown, Lenoir, 

and Otto and Langen " 205 

56. Stirling gas cycle. Thermal' efficiency. Heat of regeneration, plotted against 

heat from the fire 206 

57. Ericsson gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted against 

heat from the fire 207 

58. Stirling gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted against com- 

pression pressure 208 

59. Ericsson gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted against 

compression pressure 209 

60. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Thermal 

efficiency, with heat supplied 210 

61. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Thermal 

efficiency, with compression 211 

62. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Work and 

(m.e.p.) with heat supplied 212 

63. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Work and 

(m.e.p.) with compression 213 

64. Otto gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression 214 

65. Diesel gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression 215 

66. Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any initial 

pressure 216 

67. Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any back 

pressure 217 

68. Harter's values of Napier's coefficient and weight of flow for superheated steam 218 

69. Velocity of air in pipes in terms of pitot tube readings 219 

70. Coefficients of friction for air in ducts 220 

71. Diagram to determine chimney diameters 221 



LIST OF CHARTS xiii 

CHART PAGE 

72. Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of ammonia 222 

73. Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of carbon dioxide 223 

74. Density and specific volume of ammonia-water solutions 224 

75. Temperature-entropy diagram for ammonia 225 

76. MoUier diagram for ammonia 226 

77. Temperature-entropy diagram for carbon dioxide 227 

78. MoUier diagram for carbon dioxide 228 

79. Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to dry saturated vapor 229 

80. Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to any quality or superheat at 15 pounds 229 

81. Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to dry saturated vapor 230 

82. Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to any quality or superheat 230 



TABLE OF SYMBOLS 



A = area in square feet. 

a = area in square inches. 

= coefl&cient of linear expansion. 

Be. = Baume. 

B.H.P. = brake horse-power; also boiler horse-power. 

(bk. pr.) = back pressure in pounds per square inch. 

C = Centigrade. 

= coefficient for air flow. 

= specific heat. 

Cp = specific heat at constant pressure. 

Cv = specific heat at constant volume. 

Ci = clearance expressed in cubic feet. 

c = clearance expressed as a fraction of the displacement. 

= constant. 

D = displacement in cubic feet. 

(del. pr.) = delivery pressure in pounds per square inch. 

Ev = volumetric efficiency (apparent). 

F = constant in equation for pipe flow. 

= Fahrenheit. 

Fr = resistance factor, Fr X velocity head = loss due to resistances. 

g — acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (approx.) feet per second, per second. 

H = as a subscript to denote high-pressure cylinder. 

H.P. = horse-power. 

h = height in inches. 

K = coefficient of thermal conductivity 

= constant. 

„ • . , Lan . . <. 1 aS ^ 

Ke = engme constant = ^^ ^^^ m expression for horse-power = ^o r>QQ 

L = as a subscript to denote low-pressure cylinder. 
= latent heat. 
= length of stroke in feet. 
(L.P. Cap.) = low-pressure capacity. 

I = length. 
(M.E.P.) = mean effective pressure, pounds per square foot, 
(m.b.p.) = mean back pressure in pounds per square inch, 
(m.e.p.) = mean effective pressure in pounds per square inch, 
(m.f.p.) = mean forward pressure in pounds per square inch. 
N = revolutions per minute =R. P.M. or R.p.m. 
P = pressure in pounds per square foot. 
p = pressure in pounds per square inch. 

Q = quantity of heat or energy in B.T.U. gained by a body passing from one state to another. 
R = gas constant. 

Rc = ratio of cylinder sizes in two-stage air compressor or compound engine. 
Rp = ratio of delivery to supply pressure. 

XV 



xvi TABLE OF SYMBOLS 

(rec. pr.) = receiver pressure in pounds per square inch. 
S = piston speed. 

= pounds of steam per pound of air in producer blast. 
s = general exponent of V in expansion or compression of gases. 
sp. gr. = specific gravity. 
sp. ht. = specific heat, 
(sup. pr.) = supply pressure, in pounds per square inch. 
T = temperature, degrees absolute. 
t = temperature in degrees scale. 
T<i> = temperature-entropy. 
V = volume in cubic feet. 
V = volume. 
W = work in foot-pounds. 
w = weight in pounds. 
Wt. = weight. 
X = constant in the expression for missing water. 

= fraction of total weight liquified from the solid, or vaporized from the liquid = quality. If 
the vapor be superheated, the number of degrees of superheat also = quality. 
y = ratio of the volume of receiver to that of the high-pressure cylinder of the compound 

engine. 
Z = fraction of the stroke of the steam engine completed at cut-off. 
z = ratio of R.P.M. to cycles per minute. 

a, (alpha) = coefficient of cubical expansion. 

dv = constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant volume. 
ap = constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant pressure. 
7, (gamma) = special value for s for adiabatic expansion or compression = 

specific heat at constant pressure 

specific heat at constant volume 
5, (delta) = density in pounds per cubic foot, 
f , (zeta) = coefficient of friction. 
S, (sigma) = summation. 
$ = 0, (phi) = entropy. 

Note. A small letter when used as a subscript to a capital in general refers to a point on a 
diagram, e.g.. Pa designates pressure at the point A. Two small letters used as subscripts 
together, refer in general to a quantity between two points, e.g., Wab designates work done 
from point A to point B. 



HANDBOOK OF 

THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

PART I 
INTRODUCTION 

The province of Engineering Thermodynamics is to guide numerical thermal 
computations deahng with actual substances and apparatus in accordance with 
the laws of thermodynamic philosophy. In order to do this, numerical values 
for heat effects must be available for the various substances and materials 
used in engineering under the varying conditions of practice, and in such units 
as may readily be applied ; these include especially that class of units known as 
physical constants which embrace, for example, such quantities as the coeffi- 
cients of expansion, the specific heats, latent heats of fusion and vaporization, 
the ratio of the pressure-volume product to absolute temperature, the expo- 
nent ''«" in adiabatic expansion of gases and vapors, and various other quanti- 
ties. In addition to the physical constants which are necessary in the work of 
thermodynamic computation, the solution of numerical problems is greatly 
facilitated by the use of other correlated tables and diagrams many of which are 
given in the present book of tables, but to correctly use such aids there should be 
no ambiguity in regard to the units employed. 

It should be noted that true pressures are always absolute, that is, measured 
above a perfect vacuum or counted from zero, while most pressure gages and 
other devices for measuring pressure, such as indicators, give results measured 
above or below atmospheric pressure. In all problems involving work of 
gases and vapors, the absolute values of the pressures must be used ; hence, if a 
gage or indicator measurement is being considered, the pressure of the atmos- 
phere found by means of the barometer must be added to the pressure above 
atmosphere in order to obtain the absolute or true pressures. When the pres- 
sures are below atmosphere the combination with the barometric reading will 
depend on the record; if the record be taken by an indicator it will be in pounds 
per square inch below atmosphere and must be subtracted from the baro- 
metric equivalent in the same units to give the absolute pressure in pounds per 
square inch. When, however, a vacuum gage reads in inches of mercury below 
atmosphere, as such gages do, the difference between its reading and the baro- 
metric gives the absolute pressure in inches of mercury directly, which can be 
converted to the desired units by the proper factors. 

In general, steam pressures are most commonly stated in pounds per square 

1 



2 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

inch and are designated as either gage or absolute. Pressures of compressed 
air are commonly expressed in the same units as steam, either gage or absolute, 
though sometimes in atmospheres. Steam pressures below atmosphere are con- 
veniently stated as a vacuum of so many inches of mercury, or they may be 
given as a pressure of so many inches of mercury absolute or so many pounds 
per square inch absolute. The pressures of gases stored in tanks under high 
pressure are frequently recorded in atmospheres due to the convenience of 
computation of quantities on this basis. Pressures of air obtained by blowers 
or fans are sometimes given in ounces per square inch above atmosphere, but 
such pressures, and also differences of pressure of air due to chimney draught, 
or forced draught, and the pressure of illuminating gas in city mains are com- 
monly stated in inches of water. In many cases the data are given in other units 
which must be converted by the use of tables, diagrams or otherwise, before 
the results can be properly interpreted or intelligently compared. 

Time is an important item in all engineering work and none the less so in 
computations, so that convenient tables and diagrams are most essential to 
the solution of such problems. In some cases graphic methods are the only 
means of solution; in others the problems may be solved directly without the 
use of formulas, and in still others certain steps may be shortened. In many 
engineering calculations no one is justified in using a complicated mathematical 
formula; if too much time be required to make the calculation in commercial 
work it will not be made, therefore indirect and often approximate methods are 
substituted. In such cases the nearest tabular or chart value must be used, 
and generally the result will be as accurate as the work requires. 

In the following tables and charts the accompanying title usually indi- 
cates the character of each table or diagram and little explanation is necessary. 
The tables for dry saturated steam, and properties of superheated steam are 
those of Marks and Davis. From the investigation made by Ma.rks and Davis 
it is believed that the properties of saturated steam given in the tables are 
correct to within one-tenth of 1 per cent, for pressures within the range of 
ordinary engineering practice. 

The unit of heat and of energy in these tables is a mean B.T.U. or YsJ ^^ ^^^ 
heat required to raise 1 lb. of water from 32° to 212°. 

The value of one mean B.T.U. as used in these tables is equivalent to 777.52 
ft.-lbs. when the gravitational constant is 980.665 cm. sec.^ which corresponds 
to 32.174 lbs. and is the value for latitude between 45° and 46°. For many 
years it has been most common to use in engineering calculations, the round 
number 778; for most problems this round number is still the best available 
figure, but where special accuracy is needed it is likely that no closer value 
can be relied upon than anything between 777.5 and 777.6 for the above 
latitude. 

Investigations, particularly by Knobloch and Jacob, by Thomas and by 
Henning, show that the specific heat of superheated steam is not constant, but 
is a function of both pressure and temperature. The curves derived by Marks 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 3 

and Davis for specific heat of superheated steam from a critical examination 
of the material available are given in the charts. 

As the method used in the derivation of the steam tables is so rational and 
scientific it has been adopted for a new determination of the relations between 
pressure and temperature for ammonia and carbon dioxide, both important 
substances in refrigeration. The tables of properties for ammonia and carbon 
dioxide thus determined give the final values of total heat, heat of liquid, latent 
heat, specific volume and density of dry saturated vapor based upon large scale 
plottings, without equations beyond those for the pressure-temperature rela- 
tions for saturated vapor. The results are believed to be as reliable as it is 
possible to have them without more experimental data. 

The Mollier total heat-entropy diagram for steam makes possible the 
solution of many problems involving both saturated and superheated steam. 
Since this chart is so convenient for turbine work, a scale of corresponding 
steam- jet velocities has been added to the diagram. Temperature-entropy 
and Mollier diagrams have also been plotted for ammonia and carbon dioxide, 
from which the work may readily be obtained. 

The analyses of gases, oils, coals, and other fuels given in the tables will be 
found of great value to the engineer. These values have been selected from the 
most reliable sources available, but it is worth noting that in the analyses of 
oil gas there is quite a probability of uncertainty in the hydrocarbons reported. 
There is also some doubt, at least for gases, in the values given in the table of 
ignition temperatures (Table XXXIII). The ignition of a combustible is not 
by any means a simple operation especially when the fuel is in the form of an 
explosive gas mixture. With the latter the ignition temperature, true or appar- 
ent, is different for different proportions of air and fuel, and likewise still 
different when neutrals are present. For this reason there may be various ig- 
nition temperatures for the same substance; this is known to be true for gases. 
The values given in the tables therefore must be considered as ignition tem- 
peratures not the ignition temperature. 

Attention is called to the general coal tables (No. LV and LVI), the first 
of which gives the proximate and ultimate analysis of upward of 200 different 
coals covering the range from peat to anthracite. For each fuel the calorific 
power is also given. Table LVI constitutes a new table derived from No. LV 
in which the chemical and thermal properties have been re-determined as ash 
and moisture free. In this table the calorific power of the combustible is re- 
ported, total and as divided between the fixed carbon and the volatile parts, and 
finally the calorific power of the volatile itself per pound is found. The prod- 
uct of the fractional weight of the fixed carbon and 14,544, its known calorific 
power, gives the heat due to the combustion of the fixed carbon part of the 
combustible, and this subtracted from the B.T.U. per pound of combustible 
gives the heat per pound of combustible derived from its volatile. The heat 
per pound of combustible derived from its volatile only, when divided by the 
fractional weight of volatile in the combustible gives the B.T.U. per pound of 



4 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

volatile itself. Thus the character of heating power of the volatile of the coals 
furnishes a new basis of classification with direct reference to availability as 
fuels, and makes possible the calculation of the calorific power of a coal with 
fair accuracy, from its easily found proximate analysis. 

In general, the charts presented in this book have been drawn to a sufficiently 
large scale to permit direct solution of most problems with a reasonable degree 
of accuracy. However, in certain cases it is advisable to plot new diagrams to 
a larger scale in order to ensure still greater accuracy of result. 

Where it has been deemed advisable the derivation and use of the chart has 
been given in the text; but where this description would involve a lengthy ex- 
planation it has been omitted ; in such cases the reader is referred to the authors' 
Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics for a complete discussion of the con- 
struction of the diagrams. It will be understood that the numbers of equations 
given in the descriptive matter refer to the textbook quoted. In some of the 
charts the curves have been plotted from tabular values derived from experi- 
ment or calculated from formulas; under these conditions the method of deri- 
vation is obvious and will not be referred to in the text. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table I 
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF DISTANCE 



Meters. 1 


Kilometers. 


Inches. i 


Feet. 


Statute Miles. 


Nautical Miles. 


1 

1000 

0.0254 
0.304801 

1609.35 

1853.27 


0.001 

1 

0.0000254 
0.0003048 
1.60935 
1.85327 


39.37 
39370.1 
1 

12 
63360 
72963.2 


3.28083 
3280.83 

0.083333 

1 
5280 
6080.27 


0.000621370 

0.62137 

0.0000157828 

0.000189394 

1. 

1.15157 


0.000539587 

0.539587 

0000137055 

0.000164466 

0.868382 

1. 



* In accordance with U. S. Standards (see Smithsonian Tables). 

Table II 
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF SURFACE 



Sq. Meters. 


Sq. Inches. 


Sq. Feet. 


Sq. Yards. 


Acres. 


Sq. Miles. 


1 

.000645 
.0929 
.8361 
4046.87 


1550.00 

1 

144 

1296 


10.76387 
.00694 
1 
9 
43560 
27878400 


1.19599 

.111 

1 
4840 
3097600 


.000247 

.000206 
1 
640 


001562 


2589999 




1 









Table III 
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF VOLUME 



Cu. Meters. 


Cu. Inches. 


Cu. Feet. 


Cu. Yards. 


Lities 
(1000 Cu. Cm.) 


Gallons (U.S.) 


1 


61023.4 

1 

1728 

46656 

61.023 

231 


35.3145 
.000578 
1 

27 

.035314 
.13368 


1.3079 


1000 

.016387 
28.317 


264.170 
00433 


.028317 
.76456 


.03704 
1 
.001308 
.004951 


7.4805 
201 . 974 


.001 
.003785 


1 

3.7854 


.26417 
1 



Table IV 
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WEIGHT AND FORCE 



Kilogrammes. 


Metric Tons. 


Pounds. 


U. S. or Short Tons. 


British or Long Tons. 


1. 

1000. 

0.453593 
907.186 
1016.05 


0.001 

1. 

0.000453593 

0.907186 

1.01605 


2.20462 
2204.62 

1. 
2000. 
2240. 


0.00110231 

1.10231 
0.0005 
1. 
1.12000 


0.000984205 

0.984205 

0.000446429 

0.892957 

1. 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table V 

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF PRESSURE 



Pounds per 
Square Foot. 



Pounds per 
Square Inch. 



Inches of 

Mercury at 

32° F. 



Atmospheres 

(Standard at 

Sea Level). 



One lb. per sq. ft 

One lb. per sq. in 

One ounce per sq. in 

One atmosphere (standard at sea 
level) 

One kilogramme per square meter . . 

One gramme per square millimeter . 

One kilogramme per square centi- 
meter 

FLUID PRESSURES 

One ft. of water at 39.1° F. (max. 
dens.) 

One ft. of water at 62° F 

One in. of water at 62° F 

One in. of mercury at 32° F. (stand- 
ard) ^ 

One centimeter of mercury at 0° C. . 

One ft. of air at 32° F., one atmos. 
press 

Oneft. of air, 62° F 



1 
144. 
9. 

2116.1 
20.4817 
204.817 

2048.17 



62.425 

62.355 

5.196 

70.7290 
27.8461 

0.08071 
0.07607 



0.006944 

1. 

0.0625 

14.696 
0.142234 
1.42234 

14.2234 



0.43350 
0.43302 
0.036085 

0.491174 
0.193376 

0.0005604 
0.0005282 



0.014139 

2.03594 

0.127246 

29.924 
0.289579 
2.89579 

28.9579 



0.88225 
0.88080 
0.07340 

1. 
0.393701 

0.0011412 
0.0010755 



0.0004724 

0.06802 

0.004252 

1. 

0.009678 

0.09678 

0.9678 



0.029492 
0.029460 
0.002455 

0.033416 
0.013158 

0.00003813 
0.00003594 



1 Pressubes Measured by the Mercury Column. For temperatures other than 32° F., the density 
of mercury, pounds per cubic inch, and hence the pressure, pounds per square inch, due to a column of 
mercury 1 inch high, is given with sufficient accuracy by the following formula: 

p = 0.4912- («- 32) XO.OOOl. 

The mercurial barometer is commonly made with a brass scale which has its standard or correct length 
at 62° F, and a linear coefficient of expansion of about 0.000001 for each degree Fahrenheit. Hence, to 
correct the standard mercury at 32° F., the corrected reading will be 

<-28.6 



Hsz^H^-H 



UX 



where Hi is the observed height at a temperature of t° F. 



11000 



Table VI 



CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WORK 



Kilogrammeters, 


Foot-pounds. 


Foot Tons (Short Tons). 


Foot Tons (Long Tons). 


1. 

0.138255 
276.510 
309.691 


7.23300 

1. 
2000. 
2240. 


0.00361650 

0.000500 

1. 

1 . 12000 


0.00322902 
0.000446429 
0.892857 
1. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table VII 
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF POWER 



Foot-pounds per 
Second. 


Foot-pounds per 
Minute. 


Horse-power. 


Cheval-Vapeur. 


Kilogrammeters per 
Minute. 


1. 

0.0166667 
550.000 
542.475 

0.120550 


60. 

1. 
33000. 
32548.5 

7.23327 


0.00181818 

0.000030303 

1. 

0.986319 

0.000219182 


0.00184340 

0.0000307241 

1.01387 

1. 

0.000222222 


8.29531 
0.138252 

4562.42 

4500.00 
1. 



Table VIII 
UNITS OF VELOCITY 



One foot per second 

One foot per minute 

One statute mile per hour 

One nautical mile per hour = 1 knot 

One kUometer per hour 

One meter per minute 

One centimeter per second 



Feet per Minute. 



60. 
1. 

88. 

101.338 
54.6806 
3.28084 
2.00848 



Feet per Second. 



0.016667 

1.4667 

1.6890 

0.911344 

0.0.54581 

0.032808 



Table IX 
HEAT AND POWER CONVERSION TABLE 



Calorie 
KUo °C. 


B.T.U. 
Lb. "F. 


Lb. ° C. 


Kilo *>F. 


Calorie 
per Lb. 


B.T.U. 
per Lb. 


B.T.U. 
per Kilo. 


Calorie 
per Kilo. 


1. 


3.9683 


2.2046 


1.8 


1. 


3.9683 


8.7483 


2.2046 


.252 


1. 


.5556 


.4536 


.252 


1. 


2.2046 


.5807 


.4536 


1.8 


1. 


.8165 


.1143 


.4536 


1 


.252 


.5556 


2.2046 


1.2261 


1. 


.4536 


1.8 


3.9683 


1. 



Calorie 
per Cu. Ft. 


B.T.U. 
per Cu. Ft. 


Calorie 
per Liter. 


B.T.U. 
per Liter. 


1. 

.252 

28.317 

7.136 


3.9683 

1. 

112.37 
28.317 


.0353 
.0089 
1. 
.252 


.1402 
.0353 

3.9683 

1. 



Ft.-Lb. 


B.T.U. 


Calorie. 


Cent. Heat 
Unit, At. 


H.P. Sec. 


H.P. Min. 


H.P. Hour. 


1 

777.5 

3086 

1399.5 

650 
3.3X10* 
1.98X108 


1. 286X10-' 

1 

3.9683 

1.8 

.7074 

42.44 

2545 


.324X10-' 
.252 

1 

.4536 

.1783 

10.695 

641 


.18X10-' 

.5556 

2.2046 

1 

.3931 

23.578 

1.413X10' 


1. 818X10-' 

1.414 

5.61 

2.545 

1 

60 
3600 


.303X10-* 
2.356X10-2 
9.35 XlO-2 
4.24 XlO-2 
1.67 XlO-« 

1 

60 


5.05 XlO-7 
3. 927X10-* 
1. 558X10-' 
.707X10-' 
2.777X10-* 
1.67 XlO-2 
1 



8 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table X 
TABLE OF BAROMETRIC HEIGHTS, ALTITUDES, AND PRESSURES 

(Adapted from Smithsonian Tables) 

Barometric heights are given in inches and milhmeters of mercury at its standard density 
(32° F.). 

Altitudes are heights above mean sea level in feet, at which this barometric height is 
standard. (See Smithsonian Tables for corrections for latitude and temperature.) 

Pressures given are the equivalent of the barometric height in lbs. per sq. in. and per 
sq. ft. 



Standard Barometer. 




Pressure, Pounds per 




Altitude, Feet above 
Sea Level. 














Inches. 


Centimeters. 




Square Inch. 


Square Foot. 


17.0 


43.18 


15379 


8.350 


1202.3 


17.2 


43.69 


15061 


8.448 


1216.6 


17.4 


44.20 


14746 


8.546 


1230.7 


17.6 


44.70 


14435 


8.645 


1244.8 


17.8 


45.21 


14128 


8.742 


1259.0 


18.0 


45.72 


13824 


8.840 


1273.2 


18.2 


46.23 


13523 


8.940 


1287.3 


18.4 


46.73 


13226 


9.038 


1301.4 


18.6 


47.24 


12931 


9.136 


1315.6 


18.8 


47.75 


12640 


9.234 


1329.7 


19.0 


48.26 


12352 


9.332 


1343.8 


19.2 


48.77 


12068 


9.430 


1357.9 


19.4 


49.28 


11786 


9.529 


1372.1 


19.6 


49.78 


11507 


9.627 


1386.3 


19.8 


50.29 


11230 


9.726 


1400.4 


20.0 


50.80 


10957 


9.825 


1414.6 


20.2 


51.31 


10686 


9.922 


1428.7 


20.4 


51.82 


10418 


10.020 


1442.9 


20.6 


52.32 


10153 


10.118 


1457.0 


20.8 


52.83 


9890 


10.217 


1471.2 


21.0 


53.34 


9629 


10.315 


1485.3 


21.2 


53.85 


9372 


10.414 


1499.4 


21.4 


54.36 


9116 


10.511 


1513.6 


21.6 


54.87 


8863 


10.609 


1527.7 


21.8 


55.37 


8612 


10.707 


1541.8 


22.0 


55.88 


8364 


10.806 


1556.0 


22.2 


56.39 


8118 


10.904 


1570.1 


22.4 


56.90 


7874 


11.002 


1584.3 


22.6 


57.40 


7632 


11.100 


1598.4 


22.8 


57.91 


7392 


11.198 


1612.6 


23.0 


58.42 


7155 


11.297 


1626.7 


23.2 


58.92 


6919 


11.395 


1640.8 


23.4 


59.44 


6686 


11.493 


1655.0 


23.6 


59.95 


6454 


11.592 


1669.3 


23.8 


60.45 


6225 


11.690 


1683.3 


24.0 


60.96 


5997 


11.788 


1697.4 


24.2 


61.47 


5771 


11.886 


1711.6 


24.4 


61.98 


5547 


11.984 


1725.7 


24.6 


62.48 


5325 


12.083 


1739.9 


24.8 


62.99 


5105 


12.182 


1754.0 


25.0 


63.50 


4886 


12.280 


1768.2 


25.2 


64.01 


4670 


12.377 


1782.3 


25.4 


64.52 


4455 


12.475 


1796.5 


25.6 


65.02 


4241 


12.573 


1810.7 


25.8 


65.53 


4030 


12.671 


1824.8 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



9 



Table X — Continued 



Standard Barometer. 


Altitude, Feet above 
Sea Level. 


Pressure, Pounds per 


Inches. 


Centimeters. 


Square Inch. 


Square Foot. 


26.0 
26.1 
26.2 
26.3 
26.4 


65.04 
66.30 
66; 55 
66.80 
67.06 


3820 
3715 
3611 
3508 
3404 


12.770 
12.819 
12.868 
12.918 
12.967 


1838.9 
1846.0 
1853.1 
1860.2 
1867.3 


26.5 
26.6 
2'6.7 
26.8 
26.9 


67.31 
67.57 
67.82 
68.08 
68.33 


3301 
3199 
3097 
2995 
2894 


13.016 
13.065 
13.113 
13 163 
13.212 


1874.3 

1881.4 
1888.5 
1895.5 
1902.6 


27.0 
27.1 

27.2 
27.3 
27.4 


68.58 
68.84 
69.09 
69.34 
69.60 


2793 
2692 
2592 
2493 
2393 


13.261 
13.310 
13.359 
13.408 
13.457 


1909.7 
1916.7 
1923 . 8 
1930.9 
1938.0 


27.5 
27.6 
27.7 
27.8 
27.9 


69.85 
70.10 
70.35 
70.61 
70.87 


2294 
2195 
2097 
1999 
1901 


13.507 
13.556 
13.605 
13.654 
13.704 


1945.1 
1952.1 
1959.2 
1966.3 
1973.3 


28.0 
28.1 

28.2 
28.3 

28.4 


71.12 
71.38 
71.63 
71.88 
72.14 


1804 
1707 
1610 
1514 
1418 


13.753 
13.802 
13.850 
13.899 
13.948 


1980.4 
1987.5 
1994.5 
2001 . 6 
2008.7 


28.5 
28.6 
28.7 
28.8 
28.9 


72.39 
72.64 
72.90 
73.15 
73.40 


1322 
1227 
1132 
1038 . 
943 


13.998 
14.047 
14.096 
14.145 
14.194 


2015.7 
2022 . 8 
2030.0 
2037.0 
2044.1 


29.0 
29.1 
29.2 
29.3 
29.4 


73.66 
73.92 
74.16 
74.42 
74.68 


849 
756 
663 
570 
477 


14.243 
14.293 
14.342 
14.392 
14.441 


2051 . 2 
2058 . 2 
2065.3 
2072.4 
2079.4 


29.5 
29.6 
29.7 
29.8 
29.9 


74.94 
75.18 
75.44 
75.69 
75.95 


384 
292 
261 
109 
+18 


14.490 
14.539 
14.588 
14.637 
14.686 


2086.5 
2093.6 
2100.7 
2107.7 
2114.7 


29.92 


76.00 





14.696 


2116.1 


30.0 
30.1 
30.2 , 
30.3 
30.4 


76.20 
76.46 
76.71 
76.96 

77.22 . 


- 73 
-163 
-253 
-343 
-433 


14.734 
14.783 
14.833 

14.882 
14.931 


2121.7 
2128.8 
2135.9 
2143.0 
2150.1 


30.5 
30.6 
30.7 
30.8 
30.9 


77.47 
77.72 
77.98 
78.23 
78.48 


-522 
-611 
-700 

-788 
-877 


14.980 
15.030 
15.078 
15.127 
15.176 


2157.2 
2164.2 
2171.3 
2178.4 
2185.5 


31.0 


78.74 


-965 


15.226 


2192.6 



10 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XI 

CONVERSION TABLE INCHES OF MERCURY TO POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH 

(Calculated for a Temperature of 32° F.) 
To correct for other temperatures see footnote Table V 



In. 
Hg 





1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 







0.0491 


0.0982 


0.1473 


0.1964 


0.2456 


0.2947 


0.3438 


0.3929 


0.4421 


1 


0.4912 


0.5403 


0.5894 


0.6385 


. 6877 


0.7368 


0.7859 


0.8350 


0.8841 


0.9333 


2 


0.9824 


1.0315 


1.0806 


1.1297 


1 . 1788 


1.2280 


1.2771 


1 . 3262 


1.3753 


1.4244 


3 


1.4736 


1.5227 


1.5718 


1.6209 


1.6701 


1.7192 


1.7683 


1.8174 


1.8665 


1.9157 


4 


1.9648 


2.0139 


2.0630 


2.1121 


2.1613 


2.2104 


2.2595 


2.3086 


2.3577 


2.4069 


5 


2.4560 


2.5051 


2 . 5542 


2 . 6033 


2 . 6525 


2.7016 


2.7507 


2.7998 


2.8489 


2.8981 


6 


2.9472 


2 . 9963 


3.0454 


3.0945 


3.1437 


3.1928 


3.2419 


3.2910 


3.3401 


3 . 3893 


7 


3.4384 


3.4875 


3 . 5366 


3.5857 


3.6349 


3.6840 


3.7331 


3.7822 


3.8313 


3.8809 


8 


3.9296 


3.9787 


4.0278 


4.0769 


4.1261 


4.1752 


4.2243 


4.2734 


4.3225 


4.3717 


9 


4.4208 


4.4699 


4.5190 


4.5681 


4.6173 


4.6664 


4.7155 


4.7646 


4.8137 


4.8629 


10 


4.912 


4.9611 


5.0102 


5.0593 


5 . 1085 


5 . 1576 


5.2067 


5.2558 


5 . 3049 


5.3541 


11 


5.4032 


5.4523 


5.5014 


5 . 5505 


5.5997 


5.6488 


5.6979 


5.7470 


5.7961 


5 . 8453 


12 


5.894 


5.9435 


5 . 9926 


6.0417 


6.0909 


6 . 1400 


6.1891 


6.2382 


6.2873 


6 . 3365 


13 


6.3856 


6.4347 


6 . 4838 


6.5329 


6.5821 


6.6312 


6 . 6803 


6 . 7294 


6.7785 


6.8277 


14 


6 . 8768 


6.9259 


6.9750 


7.0241 


7.0733 


7.1224 


7.1715 


7 . 2206 


7.2697 


7.3189 


15 


7.3680 


7.4171 


7.4662 


7.5153 


7.5645 


7.6136 


7.6627 


7.7118 


7.7609 


7.8101 


16 


7.8592 


7.9083 


7.9574 


8.0065 


8.0557 


8.1048 


8.1539 


8 . 2030 


8.2521 


8.3013 


17 


8.3504 


8.3995 


8.4486 


8 . 4977 


8.5469 


8.5960 


8.6451 


8.6942 


8.7433 


8.7925 


18 


8.8416 


8.8907 


8.9398 


8.9889 


9.0381 


9.0872 


9.1363 


9 . 1854 


9.2345 


9.2837 


19 


9.3328 


9.3819 


9.4310 


9 . 4801 


9 . 5293 


9.5784 


9 . 6275 


9.6766 


9.7257 


9 . 7788 


20 


9 . 8240 


9.8731 


9.9222 


9.9713 


10.020 


10.069 


10.118 


10.168 


10.217 


10.266 


21 


10.315 


10.364 


10.413 


10.462 


10.511 


10.561 


10.610 


10.659 


10.708 


10.757 


22 


10.806 


10.855 


10.904 


10.953 


11.003 


11.052 


11.101 


11.150 


11.199 


11.248 


23 


11.297 


11.346 


11.396 


11.445 


11.494 


11.543 


11.592 


11.641 


11.690 


11.739 


24 


11.789 


11.838 


11.887 


11.936 


11.985 


12.034 


12.083 


12.132 


12.181 


12.231 


25 


12.280 


12.329 


12.378 


12 . 427 


12.476 


12.525 


12.574 


12.624 


12.673 


12.722 


26 


12.771 


12.820 


12.869 


12.918 


12.967 


13.017 


13.066 


13.115 


13.164 


13.213 


27 


13.262 


13.311 


13.360 


13.409 


13.459 


13.508 


13.557 


13.606 


13.655 


13.704 


28 


13 . 753 


13.802 


13.852 


13.901 


13.950 


13.999 


14.048 


14.097 


14.146 


14.195 


29 


14.245 


14.294 


14.343 


14.392 


14.441 


14.490 


14.539 


14 . 588 


14.637 


14.689 


30 


14.736 


14.785 


14.834 


14.883 


14.932 


14.981 


15 . 030 


15.080 


15.129 


15.178 


31 


15.227 


15.276 


15.325 


15.374 


15.423 


15.473 


15.530 


15.571 


15 . 620 


15 . 669 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table XII 
PISTON POSITIONS FOR ANY CRANK ANGLE 



11 



From Bsginning of Stroke Away from Crank Shaft to Find Piston Position from 
Dead-Center Multiply Stroke by Tabular Quantity 



Crank 
Angle. 


^=4 

r 


^ = 4,5 

r 


r 


r 


r 


I 

- = 7 
r 


I 

- = 8 
r 


I 
-=9 
r 


5 


.0014 


.0015 


.0015 


.0016 


.0016 


.0016 


.0017 


.0019 


10 


.0057 


.0059 


.0061 


.0062 


.0063 


.0065 


.0067 


.0076 


15 


.0128 


.0133 


.0137 


.0140 


.0142 


.0146 


.0149 


.0170 


20 


.0228 


.0237 


.0243 


.0248 


.0253 


.0260 


.0265 


.0302 


25 


.0357 


.0368 


.0379 


.0388 


.0394 


.0405 


.0413 


.0468 


30 


.0513 


.0531 


.0545 


.0556 


.0565 


.0581 


.0592 


.0670 


35 


.0698 


.0721 


.0740 


.0754 


.0767 


.0787 


.0801 


.0904 


40 


.0910 


.0939 


.0962 


.0981 


.0997 


.1022 


.1041 


.1170 


45 


.1152 


.1187 


.1215 


.1237 


.1256 


.1286 


.1308 


.1468 


50 


.1416 


.1458 


.1491 


.1518 


.1541 


.1576 


.1607 


.1786 


55 


.1713 


.1759 


.1828 


.1827 


.1853 


.1892 


.1922 


.2132 


60 


.2026 


.2079 


.2122 


.2157 


.2186 


.2231 


.2295 


.2500 


65 


.2374 


.2431 


.2477 


.2514 


.2545 


.2594 


.2630 


.2886 


70 


.2730 


.2794 


.2844 


.2885 


.2929 


.2973 


.3013 


.3290 


75 


.3123 


.3187 


.3239 


.3282 


.3317 


.3372 


.3414 


.3705 


80 


.3516 


.3586 


.3642 


.3687 


.3725 


.3784 


.3828 


.4132 


85 


.3944 


.4013 


.4068 


.4113 


.4151 


.4210 


.4254 


.4564 


90 


.4365 


.4437 


.4495 


.4547 


.4580 


.4641 


.4686 


.5000 


95 


.4816 


.4885 


.4940 


.4985 


.5022 


.5081 


.5126 


.5436 


100 


.5253 


.5323 


.5378 


.5424 


.5461 


.5520 


.5564 


.5868 


105 


.5711 


.5775 


.5828 


.5870 


.5905 


.5961 


.6002 


.6294 


110 


.6150 


.6214 


.6265 


.6306 


.6340 


.6393 


.6530 


.6710 


115 


.6600 


.6657 


.6703 


.6740 


.6771 


.6820 


.6856 


.7113 


120 


.7026 


.7080 


.7122 


.7157 


.7186 


.7231 


.7265 


.7500 


125 


.7449 


.7495 


.7533 


.7563 


.7588 


.7628 


.7658 


.7868 


130 


.7844 


.7885 


.7920 


.7947 


.7969 


.8004 


.8030 


.8214 


135 


.8223 


.8258 


.8286 


.8308 


.8327 


.8357 


.8379 


.8535 


140 


.8570 


.8600 


.8623 


.8642 


.8658 


.8682 


.8703 


.8830 


145 


.8889 


.8913 


.8931 


.8946 


.8958 


.8978 


.8993 


.9096 


150 


.9173 


.9191 


.9204 


.9216 


.9226 


.9241 


.9252 


.9330 


155 


.9420 


.9432 


.9452 


.9451 


.9457 


.9468 


.9476 


.9531 


160 


.9625 


.9633 


.9640 


.9645 


.9650 


.9656 


.9661 


.9698 


165 


.9787 


.9792 


.9796 


.9799 


.9802 


.9805 


.9809 


.9829 


170 


.9905 


.9908 


.9909 


.9911 


.9912 


.9913 


.9915 


.9924 


175 


.9976 


.9977 


.9977 


.9977 


.9978 


.9978 


.9979 


.9981 


180 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 


1.0000 



Z = length of connecting rod. 
T = radius of crank. 



12 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XIII 

HORSE-POWER PER POUND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE 

aS Area n"X speed in ft. p.m. 



VALUE OF Ke = 



33000 



33000 



Diameter 

nf 


Speed of Piston in Feet per Minute. 


UI 

Cylinder, 
Inches. 


100 


200 


300 


400 


500 


600 


700 


800 


900 


4 


0.0381 


0.0762 


0.1142 


0.1523 


0.1904 


0.2285 


0.2666 


0.3046 


0.3427 


4^ 


0.0482 


0.0964 


0.1446 


0.1928 


0.2410 


0.2892 


0.3374 


0.3856 


0.4338 


5 


0.0592 


0.1190 


0.1785 


0.2380 


0.2975 


0.3570 


0.4165 


0.4760 


0.5355 


5h 


0.0720 


0.1440 


0.2160 


0.2880 


0.3600 


0.4320 


0.5040 


0.5760 


0.6480 


6 


0.0857 


0.1714 


0.2570 


0.3427 


0.4284 


0.5141 


0.5998 


0.6854 


0.7711 


61 


0.1006 


0.2011 


0.3017 


0.4022 


0.5028 


0.6033 


0.7039 


0.8044 


0.9050 


7 


0.1166 


0.2332 


0.3499 


0.4665 


0.5831 


0.6997 


0.8163 


0.9330 


1.0490 


7i 


0.1339 


0.2678 


0.4016 


0.5355 


0.6694 


0.8033 


0.9371 


1.0710 


1.2049 


8 


0.1523 


0.3046 


0.4570 


0.6093 


0.7616 


0.9139 


1.0662 


1.2186 


1.3709 


81 


0.1720 


0.2439 


0.5159 


0.6878 


0.8598 


1.0317 


1.2037 


1.3756 


1.5476 


9 


0.1928 


0.3856 


0.5783 


0.7711 


0.9639 


1.1567 


1.3495 


1.5422 


1.7350 


91 


0.2148 


0.4296 


0.6444 


0.8592 


1.0740 


1.2888 


1.5036 


1.7184 


1.9532 


10 


0.2380 


0.4760 


0.7140 


0.9520 


1.1900 


1.4280 


1.6660 


1.9040 


2.1420 


11 


0.2880 


0.5760 


0.8639 


1.1519 


1.4399 


1.7279 


2.0159 


2.3038 


2.5818 


12 


0.3427 


0.6854 


1.0282 


1.3709 


1.7136 


2.0563 


2.3990 


2.7418 


3.0845 


13 


0.4022 


0.8044 


1.2067 


1.6089 


2.0111 


2.4133 


2.8155 


3.2178 


3.6200 


14 


0.4665 


0.9330 


1.3994 


1.8659 


2.3324 


2.7989 


3.2654 


3.7318 


4.1983 


15 


0.5355 


1.0710 


1.6065 


2.1420 


2.6775 


3.2130 


3.7485 


4.2840 


4.8195 


16 


0.6093 


1.2186 


1.8278 


2.4371 


3.0464 


3.6557 


4.2650 


4.8742 


5.4835 


17 


0.6878 


1.2756 


1.9635 


2.6513 


3.3391 


4.0269 


4.6147 


5.4026 


6.1904 


18 


0.7711 


1.5422 


2.3134 


3.0845 


3.8556 


4.6267 


5.3987 


6.1690 


6.4901 


19 


0.8592 


1.7184 


2.5775 


3.4367 


4.2858 


5.1551 


6.0143 


6.8734 


7.7326 


20 


0.9520 


1.9040 


2.8560 


3.8080 


4.7600 


5.7120 


6.6640 


7.6160 


8.5680 


21 


1.0496 


2.0992 


3.1488 


4.1983 


5.2475 


6.2975 


7.3471 


8.3966 


9.4462 


22 


1.1519 


2.3038 


3.4558 


4.6077 


5.7596 


6.9115 


8.0643 


9.2154 


10.367 


23 


1.2590 


2.5180 


3.7771 


5.0361 


6.2951 


7.5541 


8.8131 


10.072 


11.331 


24 


1.3709 


2.7418 


4.1126 


5.4835 


6.8544 


8.2253 


9.5962 


10.967 


12.338 


25 


1.4875 


2.9750 


4.4625 


5.9500 


7.4375 


8.9250 


10.413 


11.900 


13.388 


26 


1.6089 


3.2178 


4.8266 


6.4355 


8.0444 


9.6534 


11.262 


12.871 


14.480 


27 


1.7350 


3.4700 


5.2051 


6.9401 


8.6751 


10.410 


12.145 


13.880 


15.615 


28 


1.8659 


3.7318 


5.5978 


7.4637 


9.3296 


11.196 


13.061 


14.927 


16.793 


29 


2.0016 


4.0032 


6.0047 


8.0063 


10.008 


12.009 


14.011 


16.013 


18.014 


30 


2.1420 


4.2840 


6.4260 


8.5680 


10.710 


12.852 


14.994 


17.136 


19.278 


31 


2.2872 


4.5744 


6.8615 


9.1487 


11.436 


13.723 


16.010 


18.287 


20.585 


32 


2.4371 


4.8742 


7.3114 


9.7485 


12.186 


14.623 


17.060 


19.497 


21.934 


33 


2.5918 


5.1836 


7.7755 


10.367 


12.959 


15.551 


18.143 


20.735 


23.326 


34 


2.7513 


5.5026 


8.2538 


11.005 


13.756 


16.508 


19.259 


22.010 


24.762 


35 


2.9155 


5.8310 


8.7465 


11.662 


14.578 


17.493 


20.409 


23.224 


26.240 


36 


3.0845 


6.1690 


9.2534 


12.338 


15.422 


18.507 


21.591 


24.676 


27.760 


37 


3.2582 


6.5164 


9.7747 


13.033 


16.291 


19.549 


22.808 


26.066 


29.324 


38 


3.4367 


6.8734 


10.310 


13.747 


17.184 


20.620 


24.057 


27.494 


30.930 


39 


3.6200 


7.2400 


10.860 


14.480 


18.100 


21.720 


25.340 


28.960 


32.580 


40 


3.8080 


7.6160 


11.424 


15.232 


19.040 


22.848 


26.656 


30.464 


34.272 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



13 



Table XIV 
CONSTANTS FOR THE CURVE PV = K 

(Modified from Klein and Heck) 

/VA" 
The tabular value under "Exp." is equal to ( ^^ I corresponding to the given ratio of the 

assumed increasing volume V2 to initial volume Vi; the tabular value under "Comp." is 

/P2\- 

equal to(p-)s corresponding to the given ratio of the assumed increasing pressure Pi to 
the initial pressure P2. 





Logarithmic 

expansion 

s = 1 


Constant 
steam weight 


Adiabatic of satu- 
rated steam for x = 
0.7 0.9 1.0 


Compression curve 
with steam jacketed 
cylinder 


Adiabatic of 
superheated 
steam 


Adiabatic of 
air 


Ratio 


s = 1.065 


1.105 


1.125 


1.135 


s = 1.250 


s = 1.33 


s = 1.406 




Exp. 


Comp. 


Exp. 


Exp. 


Exp. 


Exp. 


Comp. 


Exp. 


Comp. 


Exp. 


Comp. 


1.25 
1.50 
1.75 
2.00 

2.25 
2.50 
2.75 
3.00 

3.50 
4.00 
4.50 
5.0 

6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 

10.0 
12.0 
14.0 
16.0 

18.0 
20.0 
25.0 
30.0 


0.8000 
0.6667 
0.5714 
0.5000 

0.4444 
. 4000 
0.3636 
0.3333 

. 2857 
. 2500 
0.2222 
0.2000 

0.1667 
0.1429 
0.1250 
0.1111 

0.1000 
0.0833 
0.0714 
0.0625 

0.0556 
0.0500 
0.0400 
0.0333 


0.7885 
0.6493 
0.5510 
0.4780 

0.4216 
0.3769 
0.3405 
0.3104 

0.2634 
0.2285 
0.2015 
0.1801 

0.1483 
0.1259 
0.1092 
0.0963 

0.0861 
0.0709 
0.0602 
0.0522 

0.0460 
0.0412 
0.0324 
0.0267 


0.8110 
0.6843 
0.5913 
0.5216 

0.4670 
0.4230 
0.3868 
0.3565 

0.3084 
0.2721 
0.2436 
0.2206 

0.1859 
0.1609 
0.1419 
0.1271 

0.1151 
0.0970 
0.0839 
0.0740 

0.0663 
0.0600 
0.0487 
0.0410 


0.7815 
0.6389 
0.5388 
. 4649 

0.4082 
0.3633 
0.3270 
0.2970 

0.2505 
0.2161 
0.1898 
0.1689 

0.1381 
0.1165 
0.1005 
0.0882 

0.0785 
0.0642 
0.0541 
0.0467 

0.0410 
0.0365 
0.0285 
0.0233 


0.7780 
0.6337 
0.5328 
0.4585 

0.4016 
0.3567 
0.3204 
0.2906 

0.2443 
0.2102 
0.1841 
0.1636 

0.1332 
0.1120 
0.0964 
0.0844 

0.0750 
0.0611 
0.0514 
0.0442 

0.0387 
0.0345 
0.0268 
0.0218 


0.7763 
0.6312 
0.5299 
0.4553 

0.3984 
0.3535 
0.3172 
0.2874 

0.2413 
0.2073 
0.1814 
0.1609 

0.1309 
0.1099 
0.0944 
0.0826 

0.0733 
0.0596 
0.0500 
0.0430 

0.0376 
0.0334 
0.0259 
0.0211 


. 7569 
0.6024 
0.4968 
0.4265 

0.3629 
0.3121 
0.2824 
0.2533 

0.2089 
0.1768 
0.1526 
0.1337 

0.1065 
0.0878 
0.0743 
0.0642 

0.0562 
0.0450 
0.0369 
0.0313 

0.0270 
0.0236 
0.0179 
0.0142 


0.8365 
0.7230 
0.6391 
0.5743 

0.5226 
0.4804 
0.4451 
0.4152 

0.3671 
0.3299 
0.3002 
0.2760 

0.2385 
0.2158 
0.1895 
0.1724 

0.1585 
0.1369 
0.1210 
0.1088 

0.0991 
0.0910 
0.0759 
0.0658 


0.7427 
0.5824 
0.4742 
0.3969 

0.3393 
0.2947 
0.2596 
0.2311 

0.1882 
0.1575 
0.1346 
0.1170 

0.0917 
0.0747 
0.0625 
0.0534 

0.0464 
0.0364 
0.0296 
0.0248 

0.0212 
0.0184 
0.0137 
0.0107 


0.8459 
0.7378 
0.6572 
0.5946 

0.5443 
0.5030 
0.4683 
0.4387 

0.3908 
0.3536 
0.3237 
0.2991 

0.2609 
0.2324 
0.2102 
0.1925 

0.1778 
0.1551 
0.1382 
0.1250 

0.1144 
0.1057 
0.0894 
0.0780 


0.7307 
0.5655 
0.4553 
0.3774 

0.3198 
0.2757 
0.2412 
0.2134 

0.1718 
0.1424 
0.1207 
0.1041 

0.0805 
0.0448 
0.0537 
0.0455 

0.0393 
0.0304 
0.0245 
0.Q203 

0.0172 
0.0148 
0.0108 
0.0084 


0.8533 
0.7495 
0.6716 
0.6108 

0.5617 
0.5212 
. 4870 
0.4578 

0.4102 
0.3731 
0.3431 
0.3183 

0.2796 
0.2506 
0.2274 
0.2096 

0.1944 
0.1708 
0.1531 
0.1392 

0.1280 
0.1188 
0.1013 
0.0890 



14 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XV 



A. Expansion of Water from 200 
Lbs. Abs. 



B. Expansion of Dry Saturated Steam from 
200 Lbs. Abs. 



Values of s for 10-lb. 


Values of s for Whole 


Values of s for 10-lb. 


Values of s for Whole | 


Intervals 






Range. 




Intervals. 






Range. 




Pressure. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


200 Lbs. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


Range. ^ 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


200 Lbs. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


lated. 


rected. 


to 


lated. 


rected. 




lated. 


rected. 


to 


lated. 


rected, 


200-190 


.0987 


.1 


190 


.0987 


.100 


200-190 


1.132 


1.145 


190 


1.132 


1.143 


190-180 


.1435 


.141 


180 


.1175 


.118 


190-180 


1.153 


1.145 


180 


1.143 


1.143 


180-170 


.1847 


.182 


170 


.1348 


.135 


180-170 


1.142 


1.145 


170 


1.143 


1.143 


170-160 


.2304 


.223 


160 


.1519 


.153 


170-160 


1.148 


1.145 


160 


1.144 


1.143 


160-150 


.2671 


.264 


150 


.1682 


.168 


160-150 


1.138 


1.144 


150 


1.143 


1.143 


150-140 


.3069 


.305 


140 


.1843 


.184 


150-140 


1.128 


1.144 


140 


1.140 


1.143 


140-130 


.3509 


.346 


130 


.2007 


.202 


140-130 


1.150 


1.143 


130 


1.142 


1.142 


130-120 


.3911 


.387 


120 


.2172 


.218 


130-120 


1.130 


1.143 


120 


1.140 


1.142 


120-110 


.4304 


.428 


110 


.2341 


.235 


120-110 


1.135 


1.142 


110 


1.139 


1.142 


110-100 


.4738 


.470 


100 


.2517 


.252 


110-100 


1.137 


1.141 


100 


1.139 


1.141 


100- 90 


.5166 


.510 


90 


.2699 


.270 


100- 90 


1.148 


1.140 


90 


1.140 


1.140 


90- 80 


.5512 


.551 


80 


.2889 


.290 


90- 80 


1.126 


1.138 


80 


1.138 


1.139 


80- 70 


.5897 


.592 


70 


.3089 


.310 


80- 70 


1.144 


1.137 


70 


1.139 


1.139 


70- 60 


.6320 


.633 


60 


.3306 


.332 


70- 60 


1.138 


1.136 


60 


1.138 


1.138 


60- 50 


.6790 


.674 


50 


.3547 


.356 


60- 50 


1.125 


1.135 


50 


1.137 


1.137 


50- 40 


.7147 


.716 


40 


.3811 


.382 


50- 40 


1.143 


1 . 133 


40 


1.138 


1.136 


40- 30 


.7658 


.760 


30 


.4125 


.412 


40- 30 


1.131 


1.131 


30 


1.136 


1.135 


30- 20 


.8150 


.808 


20 


.4518 


.448 


30- 20 


1.131 


1.130 


20 


1.135 


1.134 


20- 10 


.8718 


,870 


10 


.5085 


.504 


20- 10 


1.125 


1.128 


10 


1.133 


1.131 


10- 1 


1.0557 


1.042 


1 


.6381 


.638 


10- 1 


1.124 


1.126 


1 


1.124 


1.127 



I 



C. Expansion of Steam. Superheated throughout D. Expansion op Steam Initially Superheated 
Expansion, from 200 Lbs. Abs. and 540° Super- and Finally Wet, from 203 Lbs. Abs. and 150° 

heat. Superheat. 

(Note. — Crosses saturation line at 70 lbs. abs.) 



Values of S for 


10-lb. 


Values of s for Whole 


Values of s for 10-lb. 


Values 


of s for Whole 


Intervals. 






Range. 


Intervals 






Range. 






Calcu- 


Cor- 


200 Lbs. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


Range. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


200 Lbs. 


Calcu- 


Cor- 


Pressure. 


lated. 


rected. 


to 


lated. 


rected. 


lated. 


rected. 


to 


lated. 


rected. 


200-190 


1.354 


1.342 


190 


1.354 


1.342 


200-190 


1.249 


1.334 


190 


1.249 


1.339 


190-180 


1.314 


1.342 


180 


1.333 


1.342 


190-180 


1.365 


1.332 


180 


1.306 


1.338 


180-170 


1.455 


1.342 


170 


1.374 


1.342 


180-170 


1.396 


1.330 


170 


1.336 


1.337 


170-160 


1 . 257 


1.342 


160 


1.340 


1.342 


170-160 


1.333 


1.327 


160 


1.336 


1.336 


160-150 


1.403 


1.341 


150 


1.354 


1.341 


160-150 


1.314 


1.324 


150 


1.331 


1 . 335 


150-140 


1.213 


1.341 


140 


1.323 


1.341 


150-140 


1.325 


1.321 


140 


1.330 


1.333 


140-130 


1.422 


1.341 


130 


1.340 


1.341 


140-130 


1.357 


1.316 


130 


1.334 


1.332 


130-120 


1.343 


1.340 


120 


1.340 


1.340 


130-120 


1.302 


1.312 


120 


1.329 


1.330 


120-110 


1.329 


1.340 


110 


1.339 


1.339 


120-110 


1.303 


1.306 


110 


1.325 


1.328 


110-100 


1.332 


1.339 


100 


1.338 


1.339 


110-100 


1.270 


1.300 


100 


1.317 


1.326 


100- 90 


1.338 


1.338 


90 


1.338 


1.338 


100- 90 


1.396 


1.292 


90 


1.328 


1.323 


90- 80 


1.287 


1.336 


80 


1.331 


1.336 


90- 80 


1.311 


1.283 


80 


1.325 


1.320 


80- 70 


1.331 


1.335 


70 


1.331 


1.335 


80- 70 


1.337 


1,272 


70 


1.327 


1.316 


70- 60 


1.340 


1.334 


60 


1.332 


1.334 


70- 60 


1.230 


1.156 


60 


1.314 


1.304 


60- 50 


1.315 


1.332 


50 


1.330 


1.332 


60- 50 


1.150 


1.150 


50 


1.290 


1.289 


50- 40 


1.327 


1.330 


40 


1.329 


1.330 


50- 40 


1.144 


1.146 


40 


1.268 


1.270 


40- 30 


1.318 


1.327 


30 


1.328 


1.327 


40- 30 


1.138 


1.140 


30 


1.246 


1.250 


30- 20 


1.328 


1.325 


20 


1.328 


1.325 


30- 20 


1.093 


1.134 


20 


1.216 


1.226 


20- 10 


1.323 


1.322 


10 


1.327 


1.322 


20- 10 


1.157 


1.127 


10 


1.202 


1.200 














10- 1 


1.116 


1.120 


1 


1.163 


1.176 



Note. Irregularities in values of 5 have been corrected by plotting a smooth curve through calculated 
values, and taking corrected values from this curve. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



15 



Table XVI 
VALUES OF s IN THE EQUATION PV = CONSTANT FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES 

AND CONDITIONS 



Substance. 




s 


Remarks or Authority. 


All gases 


Isothermal 


1 1 




All gases and vapors . . 


Constant pressure 





Accepted thermody- 


All saturated vapors . . 


Isothermal 





namic law 


All gases and vapors . . 


Constant volume 


00 




Air 


Adiabatic 


1 4066 


Smith son inn Tnlilptj 


Air 


Compressed in cylinder 
Adiabatic, wet 


1 4 


Experience 
Average 


Ammonia (NH3) 


1.1 


Ammonia (NH3) 


Adiabatic, superheated 


1.3 


Thermodynamics 


Bromine 


Adiabatic 


1.293 


Strecker 


Carbon dioxide (CO2) . 


Adiabatic 


1.300 


Rontgen, Wullner 


Carbon monoxide (CO) 


Adiabatic 


1.403 


Cazin, Wullner 


Carbon disulphide 








(CS2) 


Adiabatic 


1.200 


Beyne 
Strecker 


Chlorine (CI) 


Adiabatic 


1.323 


Chloroform 








(CCl3CH(OH)2).... 


Adiabatic 


1.106 


Beyne, Wullner 


Ether (C2H6OC2H5)... 


Adiabatic 


1.029 


Miiller 


Hydrogen (H2) 


Adiabatic 


1.410 


Cazin 


Hydrogen sulph . (H2S) 


Adiabatic 


1.276 


Miiller 


Methane (CH4) 


Adiabatic 


1.316 


MuUer 


Nitrogen (N2) 


Adiabatic 


1.410 


Cazin 


Nitrous oxide (NO2) . . 


Adiabatic 


1.291 


Wullner 


Pintsch gas 


Adiabatic 
Adiabatic 


1.24 
1.26 


Pintsch Co. 


Sulphide diox (SO2) .. . 


Cazin, Miiller 


Steam, superheated . .. 


Adiabatic 


1.300 


Smithsonian Tables 


Steam, wet 


Adiabatic 


Variable 


(From less than 1 to 




more than 1.2) 


Steam^ wet 


Adiabatic 
Adiabatic 


1.111 
1+.14X% moist. 


Rankine 


Steam, wet 


Perry 


Steam, wet 


Adiabatic 


1.035 + 1.0 X% moist. 


Gray 


Steam, wet 


Expanding in cylinder 


1. 


Average from practice 


Steam, dry 


Saturation law 


1.0646 


Regnault 







Table XVII 
FIXED TEMPERATURES 

U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS 



Temperature, 
°C. 


Temperature, 
Y, 


Determined by the Point at which 


232 


449 


Liquid tin solidifies 


327 


621 


Liquid lead solidifies 


419.4 


787 


Liquid zinc solidifies 


444.7 


832.5 


Liquid sulphur boils 


630.5 


1167 


Liquid antimony solidifies 


658 


1216 


Liquid aluminum, 97.7% pure, solidifies 


1064 


1947 


SoHd gold melts 


1084 


1983 


Liquid copper solidifies 


1435 


2615 


SoHd nickel melts 


1546 


2815 


Solid palladium melts 


1753 


3187 


Solid platinum melts 



16 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table XVni 

TEMPERATURES, CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT 



c. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


-40 


-40. 


26 


78.8 


92 


197.6 


158 


316.4 


224 


435.2 


290 


554 


950 


1742 


-39 


-38.2 


27 


80.6 


93 


199.4 


159 


318.2 


225 


437. 


300 


572 


960 


1760 


-38 


-36.4 


28 


82.4 


94 


201.2 


160 


320. 


226 


438.8 


310 


590 


970 


1778 


-37 


-34.6 


29 


84.2 


95 


203. 


161 


321.8 


227 


440.6 


320 


608 


980 


1796 


-36 


-32.8 


30 


86. 


96 


204.8 


162 


323.6 


228 


442.4 


330 


626 


990 


1814 


-35 


-31. 


31 


87.8 


97 


206.6 


163 


325.4 


229 


444.2 


340 


644 


1000 


1832 


-34 


-29.2 


32 


89.6 


98 


208.4 


164 


327.2 


230 


446. 


350 


662 


1010 


1850 


-33 


-27.4 


33 


91.4 


99 


210.2 


165 


329. 


231 


447.8 


360 


680 


1020 


1868 


-32 


-25.6 


34 


93.2 


100 


212. 


166 


330.8 


232 


449.6 


370 


698 


1030 


1886 


-31 


-23.8 


35 


95. 


101 


213.8 


167 


332.6 


233 


451.4 


380 


716 


1040 


1904 


-30 


-22. 


36 


96.8 


102 


215.6 


168 


334.4 


234 


453.2 


390 


734 


1050 


1922 


-29 


-20.2 


37 


98.6 


103 


217.4 


169 


336.2 


235 


455. 


400 


752 


1060 


1940 


-28 


-18.4 


38 


100.4 


104 


219.2 


170 


338. 


236 


456.8 


410 


770 


1070 


1958 


-27 


-16.6 


39 


102.2 


105 


221. 


171 


339.8 


237 


458.6 


420 


788 


1080 


1976 


-26 


-14.8 


40 


104. 


106 


222.8 


172 


341.6 


238 


460.4 


430 


806 


1090 


1994 


-25 


-13. 


41 


105.8 


107 


224.6 


173 


343.4 


239 


462.2 


440 


824 


1100 


2012 


-24 


-11.2 


42 


107.6 


108 


226.4 


174 


345.2 


240 


464. 


450 


842 


1110 


2030 


-23 


- 9.4 


43 


109.4 


109 


228.2 


175 


347. 


241 


465.8 


460 


860 


1120 


2048 


-22 


- 7.6 


44 


111.2 


110 


230. 


176 


348.8 


242 


467.6 


470 


878 


1130 


2066 


-21 


- 5.8 


45 


113. 


111 


231.8 


177 


350.6 


243 


469.4 


480 


896 


1140 


2084 


-20 


- 4. 


46 


114.8 


112 


233.6 


178 


352.4 


244 


471.2 


490 


914 


1150 


2102 


-19 


- 2.2 


47 


116.6 


113 


235.4 


179 


354.2 


245 


473. 


500 


932 


1160 


2120 


-18 


- 0.4 


48 


118.4 


114 


237.2 


180 


356. 


246 


474.8 


510 


950 


1170 


2138 


-17 


+ 1.4 


49 


120.2 


115 


239. 


181 


357.8 


247 


476.6 


520 


968 


1180 


2156 


-16 


3.2 


50 


122. 


116 


240.8 


182 


359.6 


248 


478.4 


530 


986 


1190 


2174 


-15 


5. 


51 


123.8 


117 


242.6 


183 


361.4 


249 


480.2 


540 


1004 


1200 


2192 


-14 


6.8 


52 


125.6 


118 


244.4 


184 


363.2 


250 


482. 


550 


1022 


1210 


2210 


-13 


8.6 


53 


127.4 


119 


246.2 


185 


365. 


251 


483.8 


560 


1040 


1220 


2228 


-12 


10.4 


54 


129.2 


120 


248. 


186 


366.8 


252 


485.6 


570 


1058 


1230 


2246 


-11 


12.2 


55 


131. 


121 


249.8 


187 


368.6 


253 


487.4 


580 


1076 


1240 


2264 


-10 


14. 


56 


132.8 


122 


251.6 


188 


370 4 


254 


489.2 


590 


1094 


1250 


2282 


- 9 


15.8 


57 


134.6 


123 


253.4 


189 


372.2 


255 


491. 


600 


1112 


1260 


2300 


- 8 


17.6 


58 


136.4 


124 


255.2 


190 


374. 


256 


492.8 


610 


1130 


1270 


2318 


- 7 


19.4 


59 


138.2 


125 


257. 


191 


375.8 


257 


494.6 


620 


1148 


1280 


2336 


- 6 


21.2 


60 


140. 


126 


258.8 


192 


377.6 


258 


496.4 


630 


1166 


1290 


2354 


- 5 


23. 


61 


141.8 


127 


260.6 


193 


379.4 


259 


408.2 


640 


1184 


1300 


2372 


- 4 


24.8 


62 


143.6 


128 


262.4 


194 


381.2 


260 


500. 


650 


1202 


1310 


2390 


- 3 


26.6 


63 


145.4 


129 


264.2 


195 


383. 


261 


501.8 


660 


1220 


1320 


2408 


- 2 


28.4 


64 


147.2 


130 


266. 


196 


384.8 


262 


503.6 


670 


1238 


1330 


2426 


- 1 


30.2 


65 


149. 


131 


267.8 


197 


386.6 


263 


505.4 


680 


1256 


1340 


2444 





32. 


66 


150.8 


132 


269.6 


198 


388.4 


264 


507.2 


690 


1274 


1350 


2462 


+ 1 


33.8 


67 


152.6 


133 


271.4 


199 


390.2 


265 


509. 


700 


1292 


1360 


2480 


2 


35.6 


68 


154.4 


134 


273.2 


200 


392. 


266 


510.8 


710 


1310 


1370 


2498 


3 


37.4 


69 


156.2 


135 


275. 


201 


393.8 


267 


512.6 


720 


1328 


1380 


2516 


4 


39.2 


70 


158. 


136 


276.8 


202 


395.6 


268 


514.4 


730 


1346 


1390 


2534 


6 


41. 


71 


159.8 


137 


278.6 


203 


397.4 


269 


516.2 


740 


1364 


1400 


2552 


6 


42.8 


72 


161.6 


138 


280.4 


204 


399.2 


270 


518. 


750 


1382 


1410 


2570 


7 


44.6 


73 


163.4 


139 


282.2 


205 


401. 


271 


519.8 


760 


1400 


1420 


2588 


8 


46.4 


74 


165.2 


140 


284. 


206 


402.8 


272 


521.6 


770 


1418 


1430 


2606 


9 


48.2 


75 


167. 


141 


285.8 


207 


404.6 


273 


523.4 


780 


1436 


1440 


2624 


10 


50. 


76 


168.8 


142 


287.6 


208 


406.4 


274 


525.2 


790 


1454 


1450 


2642 


11 


51.8 


77 


170.6 


143 


289.4 


209 


408.2 


275 


527. 


800 


1472 


1460 


2660 


12 


53.6 


78 


172.4 


144 


291.2 


210 


410. 


276 


528.8 


810 


1490 


1470 


2678 


13 


55.4 


79 


174.2 


145 


293. 


211 


411.8 


277 


530.6 


820 


1508 


1480 


2696 


14 


57.2 


80 


176. 


146 


294.8 


212 


413.6 


278 


532.4 


830 


1526 


1490 


2714 


15 


59. 


81 


177.8 


147 


296.6 


213 


415.4 


279 


534.2 


840 


1544 


1500 


2732 


16 


60.8 


82 


179.6 


148 


298.4 


214 


417.2 


280 


536. 


850 


1562 


1510 


2750 


17 


62.6 


83 


181.4 


149 


300.2 


215 


419. 


281 


537.8 


860 


1580 


1520 


2768 


IS 


64.4 


84 


183.2 


150 


302. 


216 


420.8 


282 


539.6 


870 


1598 


1530 


2786 


19 


66.2 


85 


185. 


151 


303.8 


217 


422.6 


283 


541.4 


880 


1616 


1540 


2804 


20 


68. 


86 


186.8 


152 


305.6 


218 


424.4 


284 


543.2 


890 


1634 


1550 


2822 


21 


69.8 


87 


188.6 


153 


307.4 


219 


426.2 


285 


545. 


900 


1652 


1600 


2912 


22 


71.6 


88 


190.4 


154 


309.2 


220 


428. 


286 


546.8 


910 


1670 


1650 


3002 


23 


73.4 


89 


192.2 


155 


311. 


221 


429.8 


287 


548.6 


920 


1688 


1700 


3092 


24 


75.2 


90 


194. 


156 


312.8 


222 


431.6 


288 


550.4 


930 


1706 


1750 


3182 


25 


77. 


91 


195.8 


157 


314.6 


223 


433.4 


289 


552.2 


940 


1724 


1800 


3272 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table XVIH — Continued 

TEMPERATURES, FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE 



17 



F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


C. 


F. 


c. 


-40 


-40. 


26 


- 3.3 


92 


33.3 


158 


70. 


224 


106.7 


290 


143.3 


360 


182.2 


-39 


-39.4 


27 


- 2.8 


93 


33.9 


159 


70.6 


225 


107.2 


291 


143.9 


370 


187.8 


-38 


-38.9 


28 


- 2.2 


94 


34.4 


160 


71.1 


226 


107.8 


292 


144.4 


380 


193.3 


-37 


-38.3 


29 


- 1.7 


95 


35. 


161 


71.7 


227 


108.3 


293 


145. 


390 


198.9 


-36 


-37.8 


30 


- 1.1 


96 


35.6 


162 


72.2 


228 


108.9 


294 


145.6 


400 


204.4 


-35 


-37.2 


31 


- 0.6 


97 


36.1 


163 


72.8 


229 


109.4 


295 


146.1 


410 


210. 


-34 


-36.7 


32 


0. 


98 


36.7 


164 


73.3 


230 


110. 


296 


146.7 


420 


215.6 


-33 


-36. 1 


33 


+ 0.6 


99 


37.2 


165 


73.9 


231 


110.6 


297 


147.2 


430 


221.1 


-32 


-35.6 


34 


1.1 


100 


37.8 


166 


74.4 


232 


111.1 


298 


147.8 


440 


226.7 


-31 


-35. 


35 


1.7 


101 


38.3 


167 


75. 


233 


111.7 


299 


148.3 


450 


232.2 


-30 


-34.4 


36 


2.2 


102 


38.9 


168 


75.6 


234 


112.2 


300 


148.9 


460 


237.8 


-29 


-33.9 


37 


2.8 


103 


39.4 


169 


76.1 


235 


112.8 


301 


149.4 


470 


243.3 


-28 


-33.3 


38 


3.3 


104 


40. 


170 


76.7 


236 


113.3 


302 


150. 


480 


248.9 


-27 


-32.8 


39 


3.9 


105 


40.6 


171 


77.2 


237 


113.9 


303 


150.6 


490 


254.4 


-26 


-32.2 


40 


4.4 


106 


41.1 


172 


77.8 


238 


114.4 


304 


151.1 


500 


260. 


-25 


-31.7 


41 


5. 


107 


41.7 


173 


78.3 


239 


115. 


305 


151.7 


510 


265.6 


-24 


-31.1 


42 


5.6 


108 


42.2 


174 


78.9 


240 


115.6 


306 


152.2 


520 


271.1 


-23 


-30.6 


43 


6.1 


109 


42.8 


175 


79.4 


241 


116.1 


307 


152.8 


530 


276.7 


-22 


-30. 


44 


6.7 


110 


43.3 


176 


80. 


242 


116.7 


308 


153.3 


540 


282.2 


-21 


-29.4 


45 


7.2 


111 


43.9 


177 


80.6 


243 


117.2 


309 


153.9 


550 


287.8 


-20 


-28.9 


46 


7.8 


112 


44.4 


178 


81.1 


244 


117.8 


310 


154.4 


560 


293.3 


-19 


-28.3 


47 


8.3 


113 


45. 


179 


81.7 


245 


118.3 


311 


155. 


570 


298.9 


-18 


-27.8 


48 


8.9 


114 


45.6 


180 


82.2 


246 


118.9 


312 


155.6 


580 


304.4 


-17 


-27.2 


49 


9.4 


115 


46.1 


181 


82.8 


247 


119.4 


313 


156.1 


590 


310. 


-16 


-26.7 


50 


10. 


116 


46.7 


182 


83.3 


248 


120. 


314 


156.7 


600 


315.6 


-15 


-26.1 


51 


10.6 


117 


47.2 


183 


83.9 


249 


120.6 


315 


157.2 


610 


321.1 


-14 


-25.6 


52 


11.1 


118 


47.8 


184 


84.4 


250 


121.1 


316 


157.8 


620 


326.7 


-13 


-25. 


53 


11.7 


119 


48.3 


185 


85. 


251 


121.7 


317 


158.3 


630 


332.2 


-12 


-24.4 


54 


12.2 


120 


48.9 


186 


85.6 


252 


122.2 


318 


158.9 


640 


337.8 


-11 


-23.9 


55 


12.8 


121 


49.4 


187 


86.1 


253 


122.8 


319 


159.4 


650 


343.3 


-10 


-23.3 


56 


13.3 


122 


50. 


188 


86.7 


254 


123.3 


320 


160. 


660 


348.9 


- 9 


-22.8 


57 


13.9 


123 


50.6 


189 


87.2 


255 


123.9 


321 


160.6 


670 


354.4 


- 8 


-22.2 


58 


14.4 


124 


51.1 


190 


87.8 


256 


124.4 


322 


161.1 


680 


360. 


- 7 


-21.7 


59 


15. 


125 


51.7 


191 


88.3 


257 


125. 


323 


161.7 


690 


365.6 


- 6 


-21.1 


60 


15.6 


126 


52.2 


192 


88.9 


258 


125.6 


324 


162.2 


700 


371.1 


- 5 


-20.6 


61 


16.1 


127 


52.8 


193 


89.4 


259 


126.1 


325 


162.8 


710 


376.7 


- 4 


-20. 


62 


16.7 


128 


53.3 


194 


90. 


260 


126.7 


326 


163.3 


720 


382.2 


- 3 


-19.4 


63 


17.2 


129 


53.9 


195 


90.6 


261 


1?7.2 


327 


163.9 


730 


387.8 


- 2 


-18.9 


64 


17.8 


130 


54.4 


196 


91.1 


262 


127.8 


328 


164.4 


740 


393.3 


- 1 


-18.3 


65 


18.3 


131 


55. 


197 


91.7 


263. 


128.3 


329 


165. 


750 


398.9 





-17.8 


66 


18.9 


132 


55.6 


198 


92.2 


264 


128.9 


330 


165.6 


760 


404.4 


+ 1 


-17.2 


67 


19.4 


133 


56.1 


199 


92.8 


265 


129.4 


331 


166.1 


770 


410. 


2 


-16.7 


68 


20. 


134 


56.7 


200 


93.3 


266 


130. 


332 


166.7 


780 


415.6 


3 


-16.1 


69 


20.6 


135 


57.2 


201 


93.9 


267 


130.6 


333 


167.2 


790 


421.1 


4 


-15.6 


70 


21.1 


136 


57.8 


202 


94.4 


268 


131.1 


334 


167.8 


800 


426.7 


5 


-15. 


71 


21.7 


137 


58.3 


203 


95. 


269 


131.7 


335 


168.3 


810 


432.2 


6 


-14.4 


72 


22.2 


138 


58.9 


204 


95.6 


270 


132.2 


336 


168.9 


820 


437.8 


7 


-13.9 


73 


22.8 


139 


59.4 


205 


96.1 


271 


132.8 


337 


169.4 


830 


443.3 


8 


-13.3 


74 


23.3 


140 


60. 


206 


96.7 


272 


133.3 


338 


170. 


840 


448.9 


9 


-12.8 


75 


23.9 


141 


60.6 


207 


97.2 


273 


133.9 


339 


170.6 


850 


454.4 


10 


-12.2 


76 


24.4 


142 


61.1 


208 


97.8 


274 


134.4 


340 


171.1 


860 


460. 


11 


-11.7 


77 


25. 


143 


61.7 


209 


98.3 


275 


135. 


341 


171.7 


870 


465.6 


12 


-11.1 


78 


25.6 


144 


62.2 


210 


98.9 


276 


135.6 


342 


172.2 


880 


471.1 


13 


-10.6 


79 


26.1 


145 


62.8 


211 


99.4 


277 


136.1 


343 


172.8 


890 


476.7 


14 


-10. 


80 


26.7 


146 


63.3 


212 


100. 


278 


136.7 


344 


173.3 


900 


482.2 


15 


- 9.4 


81 


27.2 


147 


63.9 


213 


100.6 


279 


137.2 


345 


173.9 


910 


487.8 


16 


- 8.9 


82 


27.8 


148 


64.4 


214 


101.1 


280 


137.8 


346 


174.4 


920 


493.3 


17 


- 8.3 


83 


28.3 


149 


65. 


215 


101.7 


281 


138.3 


347 


175. 


930 


498.9 


18 


- 7.8 


84 


28.9 


150 


65.6 


216 


102.2 


282 


138.9 


348 


175.6 


940 


504.4 


19 


- 7.2 


85 


29.4 


151 


66.1 


217 


102.8 


283 


139.4 


349 


176.1 


950 


510. 


20 


- 6.7 


86 


30. 


152 


66.7 


218 


103.3 


284 


140. 


350 


176.7 


960 


515.6 


21 


- 6.1 


87 


30.6 


153 


67.2 


219 


103.9 


285 


140.6 


351 


177.2 


970 


521. 


22 


- 5.6 


88 


31.1 


154 


67.8 


220 


104.4 


286 


141.1 


352 


177.8 


980 


526.7 


23 


- 5. 


89 


31.7 


155 


68.3 


221 


105. 


287 


141.7 


353 


178.3 


990 


532.2 


24 


- 4.4 


90 


32.2 


156 


68.9 


222 


105.6 


288 


142.2 


354 


178.9 


1000 


537.8 


25 


- 3.9 


91 


32.8 


157 


69.4 


223 


106.1 


289 


142.8 


355 


179.4 


1010 


543.3 



18 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



The missing water, or difference between the actual steam consumption of an 
engine and that shown by the indicator cards is given by Prof. Heck as: 



Missing water 



Indicated steam 



027 L 



S{x2 — xi) 



PiZ 



in which ;S=the ratio of cylinder-displacement surface in sq. ft. to displace- 
ment in cu. ft., or 

2 d 
iS=v+2^; Z=fraction of card length completed at cut-off; — 

iV=R.P.M. of engine; d = dia. cyl. in in.; L = stroke in ft. 

The term (0^2— a? i) is to be supplied from Table XIX and is the difference 
between the x for the high pressure and that for the low pressure, both 
absolute. 



Table XIX 
VALUES OF X FOR USE IN HECK'S FORMULA FOR MISSING WATER 



Absolute 




Absolute 




Absolute 




Steam Preasure. 


X 


Steam Pressure. 


X 


Steam Pressure. 


X 





170 


70 


297.5 


165 


393 


1 


175 


75 


304 


170 


397 


2 


179 


80 


310 


180 


405 


3 


183 


85 


316 


185 


409 


4 


186 


90 


321.5 


190 


413 


6 


191 


95 


327 


195 


416.5 


8 


196 


100 


332.5 


200 


420 


10 


200 


105 


338 


210 


427 


15 


210 


110 


343 


220 


431 


20 


220 


115 


348 


230 


441 


25 


229 


120 


353 


240 


447.5 


30 


238 


125 


358 


250 


454 


35 


246 


130 


362.5 


260 


460.5 


40 


254 


135 


367 


270 


467 


45 


262 


140 


371.5 


280 


473 


60 


269.5 


145 


376 


290 


479 


55 


277 


150 


380.5 


300 


485 


60 


284 


155 


385 






65 


291 


160 


389 







TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



19 



Table XX 
BAUME SPECIFIC GRAVITY SCALE 

Specific gravities are for 60° F. referred to water at same temperature as unity, at which 
temperature it weighs 62.34 lbs. per cubic foot. 
Tabular results are calculated from: 



Degrees Baum6 • 



145 



145 



specific gravity 
140 



)for liquids heavier than water. 
130 1 for liquids lighter than water. 



^specific gravity 
Relation between Specific Gravity and Baume 





.00 


.01 


.02 


.03 


.04 


.05 


.06 


.07 


.08 


.09 


Specific 
Gravity 














































Degrees Baume. 










.60 


103.33 


99.51 


95.81 


92.22 


88.75 


85.38 


82.12 


78.95 


75.88 


72.901 


.70 


70.00 


67.18 


64.44 


61.78 


59.19 


56.67 


54.21 


51.82 


49.49 


47.221 


.80 


45.00 


42.84 


40.73 


36.68 


36.67 


34.71 


32.79 


30.92 


29.09 


27.301 


.90 


25.56 


23.85 


22.17 


20.54 


18.94 


17.37 


15.83 


14.33 


12.86 


11.411 


1.00 


10.00 




















1.00 


0.00 


1.44 


2.84 


4.22 


5.58 


6.91 


8.21 


9.49 


10.74 


11.97« 


1.10 


13.18 


14.37 


15.54 


16.68 


17.81 


18.91 


20.00 


21.07 


22.12 


23.15» 


1.20 


24.17 


25.16 


26.15 


27.11 


28.06 


29.00 


29.92 


30.83 


31.72 


32.60« 


1.30 


33.46 


34.41 


35.15 


35.98 


36.79 


37.50 


38.38 


39.16 


39.93 


40.68 « 


1.40 


41.43 


42.16 


42.89 


43.60 


44.31 


45.00 


45.68 


41.36 


47.03 


47.68 » 


1.50 


48.33 


48.97 


49.60 


50.23 


50.84 


51.45 


52.05 


52.62 


53.23 


53.80» 



Adapted from Smithsonian Tables No. 65. 

1 Specific gravity less than 1.00 particularly useful for Hquids fuel, oils, and alcohols. 
' Specific gravities greater than 1.00 particularly useful for non-freezing brines. 



TABT.T5 XXT 

FREEZING-POINT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE 
U. S. Bureau of Standards 



Density of Solution. 


Per cent CaCU by Wt. 


Freezing-point, 
°C. 


Freezing-point. 

o p 


1.12 


14.88 


- 9 


15.8 


1.14 


16.97 


-13 


8.6 


1.16 


19.07 


-16 


3.2 


1.18 


21.13 


-20 


- 4.0 


1.20 


23.03 


-24 


-11.2 


1.22 


24.89 


-29 


-20.2 


1.24 


26.77 


-34 


-29.2 


1.26 


28.55 


-40 


-40.0 



20 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table 
SPECIFIC HEATS 



Class. 



Substance. 



Atomic 
Weight 
H=l. 



Specific 
Gravity. 



Authority. 



Elements. 



Common Bubstances 



Aluminum 



Carbon (amorphous) 
Carbon graph. 



Copper (cast) 
Iron (pure) 

Iron (pure) 

Lead (cast) 

Mercury 
Nickel 

Tin (cast) 
Zinc (cast) 



Bronze 

Brass 

Brick work, Masonry 

Butter 

Clay 

Coal 

Wood 

Glass 

Ice 

Cast Iron 

Wrought Iron 

Marble 

Steel 

Sand 

Stone 



26.9 



11.99 
11.99 



63.07 



55.41 



55.41 



205.46 

198.5 
58.21 



118.1 
64.88 



2.57 



Mallet 



2.10-2.32 



8.8-8.95 



7.85 



7.85 



11.37 

14.18 
8.65 



7.29 
7.05 



8.75-9 
7.8-8.6 

1.84-2.3 
.865 

1.80-2.6 

1.2-1.5 

.4-1.2 

2.4-2.8 

.9 
6.8-7.5 
7.4-7.9 
2.5-2.8 
7.7-7.9 

1.45-1.6 
2.1-3.4 



Smithsonian Tables 

Smithsonian Tables 
Smithsonian Tables 

Smithsonian Tables 

Reich 

Mallet 
Smithsonian Tables 

Mathiessen 
Smithsonian Tables 



Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 
Smithsonian 



Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 
Tables 



Smithsonian Tables 
Smithsonian Tables 



* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



21 



XXII 

OF SOLIDS 



Specific Heat. 


At Temperature. 


Specific Heat 

Calculated from 

Atomic 

Weights. 


Authority. 


C. 


F. 


.2089 
.2226 



20-100 
500 


-50 
+11 
977 
16-1000 
17 
300 

15 
300 
500 
720-1000 
1000-1200 
15 
200 
-78 to -40 
21-99 
500 
1000 
0-100 
16-197 
18 
200 
0-100 
15-98 


32 

68-212 

932 

32 

-58 

52 

1795 

61-1832 

62 

572 

32 

69 

572 

392 

1328-1832 

1832-2192 

59 

392 

-108 to -40 

69-210 

932 

1832 

32-212 

69-387 

64 

392 

32-212 

59-208 


.238 


Bontschew 
Bontschew 


.2739 




Bontschew 


.241 




Olsen 


.1138 




Weber 


.1605 




Weber 


.467 




Weber 


.310 




Dewar 


.0924 
.0985 


.102 


Naccari 
Naccari 


.1162 
.1091 
.1376 


.117 


Olsen 

Naccari 

Naccari 


.1765 
218 


.117 


Pionchon 
Pionchon 


.1989 




Pionchon 


.0299 
.0324 


.031 


Naccari 
Naccari 


.0319 

.1084 

1233 


.0323 
.11 


Regnault 

Voigt 

Tilden 


1608 




Pionchon 


.0545 
0538 


.052 


Bunsen 
Spring 
Naccari 
Naccari 


.0915 
0996 


.099 


0935 




Bunsen 


0858 




Regnault 


0939 




Regnault 


About 2 








* 


55 








Siebel 


197 








Regnault 


2- 241 








Regnault 


45- 65 








* 


16- 18 








Regnault 


504 








Regnault 


1298 








Regnault 


1138 








Regnault 


21 








Regnault 


llfi.'i- 117.^ 








Regnault 


1Q5 


. . . 






* 


2- 22 








♦ 













* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook. 



22 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table 



SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES; 



Substance. 


Cv 


At Temperature. 


Authority. 


c. 




°C. 


-p. 




Hydrogen, H2. 


3.3996 

3.409 

3.410 


-28-+9 
12-198 
21-100 


-18.4-15.8 
53.6-388.4 
70-212 


Regnault 
Regnault 
Wiedeman 


2 4219 






Oxvcen. O2 


.2175 
.2240 

.2300 


13-207 
20-440 
20-630 


55-405 
68-824 
68-166 


Regnault 

Holborn-Austin 

Holborn-Austin 


1603 






Nitroffpn N»> 


.2438 
.2419 

.2464 
.2497 


0-200 
20-440 
20-630 
20-800 


22-392 
68-824 
68-1166 
68-1472 


Regnault 
Holborn-Austin 
Holborn-Austin 
Holborn-Austin 


1715 






Air 


.2377 
.2374 
.2375 
.2366 
.2429 
.2430 
.2389 


-30-+10 
0-100 
0-200 
20-440 
20-630 
20-800 
20-100 


32-50 

32-212 

32-392 

68-824 

68-1166 

68-1472 

68-212 


Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Holborn-Austin 

Holborn-Austin 

Holborn-Austin 

Wiedeman 






.1703 


Ammonia, NHa 


.5202 

.5356 
.5125 


23-100 
27-200 
24-216 


73-212 
80-392 
75-421 


Wiedeman 
Wiedeman 
Regnault 


.4011 






Carbon diox., CO2 


.1843 
.2025 
.2169 


-28- +7 
15-100 
11-214 


—18-45 
59-212 
52-417 


Regnault 
Regnault 
Regnault 


.1558 


Carbon monoxide 


.2425 

.2426 


23-99 
26-198 


74-210 
79-388 


Wiedeman 
Wiedeman 


.1734 






Methane, CH4 


.5929 


18-208 


64-406 


Regnault 


.4505 






Benzole, CeHe 


.2990 

.3325 
.3754 


34-115 

35-180 

116-218 


93-239 

95-356 

241-424 


Wiedeman 
Wiedeman 
Regnault 


.2131 






Ethylene, C2H4 


.4040 


10-202 


60-396 


Regnault 


.3404 







TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



23 



XXIII 



RATIOS AND DIFFERENCES 



Determined from 


Cv-Cv 


777.52(ep-Co) 
- ( y, ) m ft.-lbs. 


Cp-i-Cv 

= T 


Wiedeman Cp = 3 .4 1 and 

n 

-^ = 1.408 at 4" -16"' C. by Lummer and Pringsheim 

Co 


.9881 


768.267 


1.408 


Holborn and Austin Cp = .2240 and 
^ = 1.3977 at 5Uo 14° C. 


.0637 


49.528 


1.3977 


Holborn and Austin Cp = .2419 and 
^ = 1.41by Cazin 


.0704 


54.737 


1.4105 


Wiedeman Cp = .2389 and 

n 

— = 1.4025 at 5° to 14° C. by Lummer and Pringsheim 


.0686 


53.338 


1.4028 


Wiedeman Cp = .5202 and mean of 

(^ = 1.3172 at 0° C. and ^ = 1.2770 at 100° C. ) 
\Cv Cv 1 

= 1.2971 by Wiillner 


,1191 


92.603 


1.2969 


Regnault Cp = .2025 and 

Cp 

— = 1.2995 by Lummer and Pringsheim 


.0467 


36.310 


1.2997 


Wiedeman Cp = .2425 and mean of 

(^ = 1.4032 at 0° C. and ^ = 1.3946 at 100° C. ) 

= 1.3989 by WiiUner 


.0691 


53.726 


1.3985 


Regnault C2, = .5929 

~= 1.316 at 30° C. by Miifler 


.1424 


110.719 


1.316 


Wiedeman Cp = .2990 and -^ = 1.403 at 60° C. by 
Pagliani 


.0859 


66.789 


1.4031 


Q 

Regnault Cj,=:.4040 and "7 = 1.1870 at 100° C. by 
Wiillner 


.0636 


49.450 


1.1867 



24 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 





S 




►H 




P 




O" 




HH 




1-1 


> 


P^ 


X 


u 


X 


s 


w 


< 


.-; 




s 


hd 



u 
o 

OQ 



•c 

o 



fl 



fl 45 45 ;i5 d 
o "^ '^ ^ (V 

fl ^ § § I 0^ 
o « fl cj pj pq 

bD bO 



la 






-♦J 

a -a 



a 


a 


0) 


<u 


Ui 


GQ 


s 


s 


o 


o 


rd 


^ 


H H 



o 

oa 

a 

o 

M 

H 



CQ 



<0' 



--^ 



CO CO 

o o 



CO 

o 



o 



fe 



o 



w 



o 






2-^ • 

g.SPlI 



O 



1-1 

CO 



o o 

Oi 00 (M . 
lO O CO (M 



CO 
CO (M 



- . O 
00 <N 






O 
1-1 



<N O 
1-1 lO 

>0 CO 



CO 

CO 00 CO 00 00 

tH CO Oi CO OS 

^c[>oL<io^ 

|> iO CO lO CO 



lO U3 U3 



CO CO CO 

CO CO CO 



o 

00 
CO 

00 



o o 

tH CO 

CO CO o 



o 

CO 



o 

(M 

I 



_ o o 

O JO tH 

7* tH rJH Js d) 



00 o o o o 

^ (N CO <N CO 

i-< o o o o 

C<l tH CS T-i <N 



to O U3 
t^ l> t^ 



COCO XOl>00C0O5 (NCO 

(O lo T-< cocour:>ioi>oococo 
C0C0TtHC0c01:^OTt*05">*(MI>. 
OOOOOOiOCOiQCOTjHlO 



o 



CO 1> lO 

CO 05 t^ lO 

!>. 05 CO lO 

TjH Tt< O »0 



»o 



rlc)^ 


1 


^ 


Tt" O 


CO 


CO 


l> 05 


CO 


o 



00 CO 
00 CO o 
Oi 05 05 



T^ rji lO lO 





73 


O 


O 


a 


a 


9Q 






el 


a 






-t-) 


-M 


fl 


fl 


O) 


<D 


o 


O 


fl 


rt 



>!> 



•4-3 

1 



s a 



^ 


^ 


03 


a 


H 


H 


d 


d 


c3 


<M 






PI 


d 


o 




QQ 


CO 


^ 


^ 


-|J 


-(J 



02 



d d 

d d 
o o 



CQ CG 



Eh H 

d d 

d d 

o o 

CO GQ 



d d 



1^ 



CO CO 



OS 



00 OS 

o OS 
00 00 



g 


a 


C/J 


CQ 




a 


lO 




lO 


^ 


tH 


o 




^ 




oj 



•*2 -^ 

d d 
MM 






CQ 



00 00 



CO 



CO lO CO 

^ tJ< CO CO 

I O (M '^ 

ds o o 9 



CQ »0 
CO lO 

o o 



lO 



00 00 

OS tH 



-•J 

d 

a 

GQ 
• l-t 

w 



d 

a- 

CO 

p— H 

w 



-(J 



o 

o 
u 



TO 

o 

§ 

■♦3 
DQ 

M 

d 

OQ 

d 
o 

a 
a 

o 



rd 

a 

^ d 
o d 



o 

d 3 

O -(-3 

O 0) 
>> bC 

O !> 



Is 



c6 

o 



o3 
•f-< 

d 
o 

§ fH »4 M 

a a 9i <v 

c ^ ^ ^ 

C3 ^ o3 o3 

e8 ^ ^ ^ 

M ^ ^ c3 

O' <u <D <u 

-< CQ CQ CQ 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



25 



Table XXV 
SPECIFIC HEAT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE BRINE 



Density, B6 


Sp.gr. 


Per cent NaCl 
by Wt. 


Sp. Heat. 


Temp. F. 


Authority. 


1 


1.007 


1 

1.6 
4.9 
5.0 
10.0 
10.3 
10.3 
11.5 
12.3 
15.0 
18.8 
18.8 
20.0 
24.3 
24.5 
25 


.992 

978 
.995 
.960 
.892 
.892 
.912 
.887 
.871 
.892 
.841 
.854 
.829 
.7916 
.791 
.783 


-0 

64.4 

66-115 

-0 

-0 

59-120 

59-194 

61-126 

64.4 

-0 
63-125 
68-192 

64-68 
64 


Common 
Thomsen 






Winkelmann 


5 
10 


1.037 
1.073 


Common 
Common 
Teudt 






Teudt 






Marignac 






Winkelmann 


15 


1.115 


Common 
Teudt 






Teudt 


19 


1.150 


Common 
Winkelmann 






Thomsen 


23 


1.191 


Common 



Table XXVI 
COEFFICENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLIDS 



Substance. 


aXlO* 
per degree C. 


At Temp. 

c. 


aXlO* 


At Temp. 
F. 


Authority. 


Aluminum. . 


.2313-. 3150 


40-600 


.1285-. 175 


104-1112 


Fizeau and 
Le Chatelier 


Antimony. . 


.0882-. 1692 


40 


.049-. 094 


104 


Fizeau 


Carbon coke 


.054 


40 


.03 


104 


(( 


Carbon 












graphite. , 


.0786 


40 


.0437 


104 




[( 


Copper 


.1678 


40 


.0932 


104 




( 


Iron 


.1061-. 1210 


40 


.059-. 0672 


104 






Steel 


.1095-. 1322 


40 


.06085-. 0735 


104 






Lead 


.2924 


40 


.1625 


104 






Nickel 


.1279 


40 


.071 


104 






Platinum. . . 


.0899 


40 


.05 


104 






Tin 


.2234 


40 


.1241 


104 






Zinc 


.2918 


40 


.1621 


104 


(< 


Brasses and 










Limits of 


bronze .... 


.17-.21 


0-900 


.0889-. 1167 


32-1652 


determination 


Rubber. . . . 


.770 


16.7-25.3 


.4278 


62-77.5 


Kohlrausch 


Glass 


.058-. 0897 


0-100 


.03222-. 0498 


32-212 


Limits of 

determination 


Solder 


.2508 


0-100 


.1338 


32-215 


Smeaton 


Ice 


.375 


-20 to -1 


.2083 


-4-30.2 


Brunner 


Paraffin .... 


1.0662-4.7707 


0-16; 38-49 


.5921; 2.6505 


32-60.8 
100.4-120 


Rodwell 


Porcelain. . . 


.0413 


20-790 


.023 


68-145.4 


Braun 


Wood 


. 0325-^0614 


2-34 


.0181-. 0341 


35.6-93.2 


Limits of 
determination 


Wax 


2.300-15.227 


10-26; 


1.278 


50-78.8 


Kopp 






43-57 


8.46 


109.4-134.6 




Concrete 


.1430 
.046-. 089 




.0795 
.0256-. 0494 




Clark 


Masonry. . . 






Clark 











26 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XXVII 
COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS 



Substance. 



Alcohol (methyl) 

Benzene 

Bromine 

Calcium chloride, CaCl2, 5.8 per cent 
Calcium chloride, CaCl2,40.9 per cent 

Ether 

Hydrochloric acid, HCl+6.25 H2O . , 
Hydrochloric acid, HCl+50 H2O. . . , 

Mercury , 

Olive oil 

Phenol, CeHgO 

Petroleum, Sp.gr. .8467 , 

Sodium chloride, NaCl, 1.6 per cent.. 

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 



aXlO* 
per " C. 



.1433 
.1385 
.1168 
.0506 
.0510 
.2150 
.0489 
.0933 
.0179 
.0742 
.0899 
.1039 
.1067 
.0489 
.0799 



At Temp. 
C. 



-38-+70 

11-81 

-7-+60 

18-25 

17-24 

-15-+38 

0-30 

0-30 



3-157 
24-120 

6^30 
0-30 



aX10« 
per " F. 



.0796 

.0770 
.0649 
.0281 
.0283 
.1195 
.0272 
.0519 
.0099 
.0412 
.0500 
.0577 
.0593 
.0272 
.0444 



At Temp. 
F. 



•36-158 

32-178 
19-140 
64-77 
63-75 
5-100 
32-86 
32-86 



97-314 

75-248 

32-86 
32-86 



Authority. 



Pierre 

Kopp 

Pierre 

Decker 

Decker 

Pierre 

Marignac 

Marignac 

Spring 

Pinette 

Frankenheim 

Marignac 

Marignac 

Marignac 



Table XXVIII 

COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION OF GASES AND VAPORS AT 

CONSTANT PRESSURE 

(Heated without change of state.) 



Substance. 



Pressure (Cm Hg) 



a^XlOO 
per Deg. C. 



a^XlOO 
per Deg. F. 



Authority. 



Air 

Air 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen 

Carbon dioxide 

Carbon dioxide 

Carbon dioxide 0''-64° 

Carbon dioxide 84°-100°. . . 

Carbon dioxide 0°-7.5° 

Carbon dioxide 64'*-100°. . . 

Carbon dioxide 0°-64° 

Carbon dioxide 0°-7.5'' 

Carbon dioxide 0°-64^ 

Carbon dioxide 0°-100° 

Carbon monoxide 

Nitrous oxide 

Sulphur dioxide 

Sulphur dioxide 

Water vapor (steam) 0°-119 

Water vapor 0^-141 ** 

Water vapor 0°-162"' 

Water vapor 0*'-200° 

Water vapor 0°-247° 



76 
256 

76 
254 

76 
252 
17.1 



atm. 



17.1 atm. 
24.81 atm. 
24.81 atm. 
24.81 atm. 
34.49 atm. 
34.49 atm. 
34.49 atm. 
76 
76 
76 
98 

1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 



.3671 
.3693 
.36613 
.36616 
.3710 
.3845 
.5136 
.4747 
.7000 
.5435 
.6204 
1.097 
.8450 
.6514 
.3669 
.3719 
.3903 
.3980 
.4187 
.4189 
.4071 
.3938 
.3799 



.2040 

.2055 

.2034 

.20342 

.2060 

.2135 

.2855 

.2635 

.38885 

.3020 

.3446 

.6100 

.470 

.362 

.204 

.2065 

.217 

.221 

.23261 

.23272 

.22617 

.21878 

.2111 



Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Andrews 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Regnault 

Him 

Hirn 

Him 

Him 

Him 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table XXIX 



27 



COEFFICIENT OF PRESSURE RISE OF GASES AND VAPORS AT CONSTANT 

VOLUME 

(Heated without change of state.) 



Substance. 


PresBure (Cm Hg) 


a„XlOO 
per Deg. C. 


a,Xl00 
per Deg. F. 


Authority. 


Air 


.6 
1.6 
10.0 
26.0 
37.6 
75.0 
76-83 
11-15 
17-24 
37-51 
76 
200 
2000 
10000 
76 

1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
76-104 
174 
793 

16.4 atm. 

16.5 atm. 
25.87 atm. 
25.87 atm. 
33.53 
33.53 

1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 
1 atm. 


.3767 
.3703 
.3663 
.3660 
.3662 
.3665 
.3670 
.3648 
.3651 
.3658 
.3665 
.3690 
.3887 
.4100 
.3671 
.3670 
.3706 
.3726 
.3686 
.3752 
.4252 
.4754 
.4607 
.5728 
.5406 
.6973 
.6334 
.3667 
.3669 
.3656 
.3668 
.3676 
.3705 
.3674 
.3845 


.20915 

.2057 

.2035 

.20335 

.20345 

.20360 

.20370 

.20265 

.20285 

.20320 

.20360 

.205 

.206 

.22775 

.20395 

.20290 

.2059 

.2070 

.20475 

.2085 

.2361 

.2641 

.256 

.3182 

.30035 

.38740 

.35190 

.2037 

.20353 

.2031 

.20375 

.20410 

.206 

.2041 

.21350 


Meleander 


Air 


Meleander 


Air 


Meleander 


Air 


Meleander 


Air 


Meleander 


Air 


Meleander 


Air 


Magnus 


Air 


Regnault 


Air 


Regnault 


Air, 


Regnault 


Air 


Regnault 


Air 


Regnault 


Air 


Regnault 


Air 


Regnault 


Air 


Rowland 


Air 


Jolly 


Carbon dioxide 


JoUy 


Carbon dioxide 


Meleander 


Carbon dioxide 


Regnault 


Carbon dioxide 


Regnault 


Carbon dioxide 


Regnault 


Carbon dioxide 0''-64''. . . 
Carbon dioxide 64°-100°. 
Carbon dioxide 0°-64°. . . 
Carbon dioxide 64M00°. 
Carbon dioxide 0''-64°. . . 
Carbon dioxide 64°-100°, 
Carbon monoxide 


Andrews 
Andrews 
Andrews 
Andrews 
Andrews 
Andrews 
Regnault 
Regnault 


Hydrogen 


JoUy 




Regnault 


Nitrous oxide 


Regnault 




JoUy 


Oxygen 


JoUy 




JoUy 



28 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table 

COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES BY THEIR ISOTHERMALS. VALUES OF P7 AT 

AND AT 1 ATMOSPHERE 



Pressure in Atmosphere. 


1 


100 


200 


300 


400 


500 


600 


f 32° F. 

Oxygen at {211.1 

[391.1 


1.000 


.9265 


.9140 
1.4 
1.819 


.9624 
1.4529 

1.8849 


1.0516 

1.532 

1.96 


1.1560 

1.622 

2.05 


1.2690 
1.7202 
2.142 


r32°F. 

Air at {210.92 

[392.72 


1.000 


.9730 


1.010 
1.472 
1.886 


1.0974 

1.551 

1.9866 


1.2144 

1.668 

2.096 


1.3400 
1.7825 
2.211 


1.4700 
1 908 
2.3298 


f 32° F. 
Nitrogen at { 211.1 
[391.28 


1.000 


.9910 


1.0390 
1.4890 
1.9064 


1.1358 
1.5903 
2.1045 


1.2568 
1.7060 
2.1324 


1.3900 
1.8275 
2.2575 


1.5258 
1.9548 
2.3838 


r32°F. 
Hydrogen at { 210.74 
[393.5 


1.000 





1.1380 
1.5134 
1.884 


1.2090 
1.5858 
1.956 


1.2828 
1.6588 
2.030 


1.3565 
1.7310 
2.105 


1.4322 
1.8036 
2.1762 


r 32° F 
Carbon dioxide oio * 

^* 1 38819 


1.000 


.202 
1.03 

1.582 




.559 

.890 

1.493 




.891 
1.201 
1.678 




r32°F. 
NHs at {211.28 
,362.48 


1.000 




.9290 
.9750 


.8625 
.9555 


.832 
.9380 


.7450 

.8875 


.5850 
.8700 



Calculated from Smithsonian Tables Nos. 55 and 58, reporting Amagat's results 



Table XXXI 
VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT R 



Hydrogen, H2 

Oxygen, O2 

Nitrogen, N2 

Air 

Ammonia, NH3 

Carbon dioxide, CO2 . . 
Carbon monoxide, CO 

Methane, CH4 

Benzole, CeHg 

Ethylene, CaH* 



Determined from 
Specific Heats by 

R = 777.52iCp-Cv) 



768.267 
49.528 
54.737 
53.338 
92.603 
36.310 
53.726 

110.719 
66.789 
49.450 



Determined from 

Volume of One Lb. 

at 32° F. and 

29.92 ins. Hg. 



765.893 
48.244 
55.981 
53.332 
90.467 
35.084 
65.135 
96.200 
Liquid at 32* 
54.153 



Authority for 
Specific Volume. 



Rayleigh 

Rayleigh 

Rayleigh 

Rayleigh and Leduc 

Leduc 

Rayleigh 

Leduc 

Thomson 

Saussure 



i 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



29 



XXX 

VARIOUS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES; THE VALUE OF PV AT 32° F 
TAKEN AS 1.00. 



700 



800 



900 



1000 



1.3853 

1.827 
2.2414 



1.6016 
2.0328 
2.4514 



1.5032 
1.9336 
2.3432 



1.6200 
2.0412 
2.4462 



1.7350 
2.151 



Critical point 



Pressure 50 atm. 
Temperature 180.4° F. 



Wrobleweki 



1.7344 
2.1592 
2.5752 



1.8630 
2.2896 
2.7 



1.992 
2.415 

2.828 



Critical point 



Pressure 39 atm. 
Temperature 220° F. 



Olszewski 



1.6618 

2.086 

2.5123 



1.7920 

2.22 

2.64 



1.9341 
2.3544 
2.7765 



2.0680 



Critical point 



Pressure 35 atm. 
Temperature 230.8° F. 



Olszewski 



1.5043 

1.876 

2.2484 



1.5776 
1.9552 
2.32 



1.6488 
2.1096 
2.3913 



1.7200 
2.093 



Critical point 



Pressure 20 atm. 
Temperature 390. 1° F. 



Dewar 



1.656 
1.999 



Critical point 



Pressure 27 atm. 
Temp. +87.66° F. 



Andrews 



.8715 



.9000 



.9315 



.95 



Critical point 



Pressure 115 atm. 
Temp. +266° F. 



Dewar 



and Table 62 Roth's results; also Table 218 reporting miscellaneous data. 



Table XXXII 

DENSITIES OF GAS AT ONE ATMOSPHERE =29.92" Hg AND 32° F., COMPARING 
EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WITH COMPUTED VALUES FROM MOLECULAR 
WEIGHTS 















Lbs. 




Lbs. 












Molecular 


Cu.ft. 


Molecular 


Cu.ft. 


Gas. 


Sp.Gr. 


Lba. per 


Cu.ft. 


Authority. 


Weight 


from 


Weight 


from 




Air = l. 


Cu.it. 


per Lb. 




Exact. 


Exact 


Approx. 


Approx. 






Itixptl. 






H=2. 


Molecular 
Weight. 


H=2. 


Molecular 
Weight. 


Hydrogen, H^ . . 


.0696 


.005621 


177.9093 


Rayleigh 


2. 




2 




Oxygen, O2 


1.053 


.08922 


11.208 


Rayleigh 


31.76 


.08926 


32 


.08993 


Nitrogen, N2 . . . 


.9673 


.07829 


12.773 


Rayleigh 


27.80 


.07813 


28 


.07869 


Air 


1.000 


.08071 


12.390 


Rayleigh 
and Leduc 














Ammonia, NH3.. 


.597 


.04758 


21.017 


Leduc 


16.9 


.04750 


17 


.04778 


Carbon dioxide 


















CO2 


1.5291 


. 12269 


8.1506 


Rayleigh 


43,75 


.12295 


44 


.12366 


Carbon mon- 




oxide, CO 


.9672 


.07807 


12.8090 


Leduc 


27.87 


.07833 


28 


.07869 


Methane, CH4 . . 


.5576 


.04470 


22.349 


Thomson 


15.99 


.04494 


16 


.04497 


Benzole, CeHe. . . 


• • • • 


Liquid 














Ethylene, C2H4. . 


.9852 


.07951 


12.578 


Saussure 


27.98 


.07862 


28 


.07868 


Ethane, CoHe. . . 


1.075 


.08379 


11.9354 


Kolbe 


29.98 


.08426 


30 


.08431 


Butane, C4H10. . . 


2.01 


. 16194 


6.1751 


Frankland 


57.96 


. 16289 


58 


.16301 



Computed from data reported in Smithsonian Tables, Nos. 71 and 276. 



30 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XXXIII 
IGNITION TEMPERATURES, *F* 



Substance. 


Ignition Temperature. 


Substance. 


Ignition Temperature. 


Carbon, C 

Soft coal 


752 (Sexton) 

600 

750 

430 

300 (Strohmeyer) 
1077 (Olsen) 
1124 (Meyer) 
1031 (LeChatelier) 
1253 (AUen) 
1347 (Meyer) 

1211 (LeChatelier) 

1212 (Allen) 


Methane, CH4 

Methane, CH4 

Ethane, C2H6 


1201 (Meyer) 
1213 (LeChatelier) 
1141 (AUen) 
1124 (Allen) 
1124 (Meyer) 

940 (AUen) 
1038 (Allen) 

896 (Robinson) 
1017 
1292 
1100 (Robinson) 


Anthracite 


Peat 


Ethylene, C2H4 

Ethylene, C2H4 

Propylene, CsHe 

Acetylene, C2H2 

Acetylene, C2H2 

Propane, CsHg 

Alcohol, CzHsOH 

Coal gas 


Lignite dust 


Hydrogen, H2 

Hydrogen, H2 

Hvdroeren. H9 


Carbon monoxide, CO. . . 
Carbon monoxide, CO, . . 
Carbon monoxide, CO. . . 


Methane, CH4 





* Owing to the controlling influences of proportions and other factors on ignition temperatures the value 
given are of doubtful accuracy for the ignition temperature, at least for gases. 



Table XXXIV 
THE CRITICAL POINT 



Substance. 



Symbol. 



Critical Temp. 



0° C. 



0° F. 



Critical Pres- 



Atm. 



Lbs. 

per 

Sq.in. 



Critical 

Density 

Water 

at 
4°C=1. 



Authority. 



Criti- 
cal vol. 
Cu.ft. 
per Lb. 



Authority- 



Hydrogen 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 

Ammonia 

Ammonia 

Carbon dioxide. 
Carbon dioxide. 



Water 
Water 
Water 

Water 

Water 

Water 



H2 
O2 

N2 

NH3 
NHj 

CO2 
CO2 



H2O 
H2O 
H2O 

H2O 

H2O 

H2O 



-243.5 
-118.1 

-146.1 

+130.0 
+131.0 

+ 31.35 
+ 30.921 



+358.1 
+364.3 
+365.0 

+374. 

+374.6 

+374.5 



-390.1 
-180.4 

-232.8 

266. 
267.8 

88.43 
87.67 



676.4 
687.7 
689. 

705.2 

706.3 

706. 1 



20 
501 

35.1 

115. 
113. 

72.9 
77.1 



194.61 
200.5 



294 
735 

515 

1690 
1660 

1070 
1130 



2859 
2944 



3200 
3200 



.652 
.442 



.464 
.452 



.429 



Olszewski 

1 Wroblewski 

2 Dewar 

1 Olszewski 

2 Wroblewski 
Dewar 

Vincent and 
Chappuis 
Amagat 

1 Andrews 

2 Cailletet and 

Mathias 
Nadejdini 
Battel! 
Cailletet and 

Colardeau 
Traube and 

Teichner 
Holborn and 

Baumann 
Marks 



26. 
13. 



Nadejdini 
Battel! 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



31 



Table XXXV 
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AT ONE ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE 

Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhofif, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



Substance. 


Symbol. 


Cal. per Kg. 


B.T.U. per Lb. 


G. 


F. 


Authority. 


Ammonia 


NH3 


294.21 


530 


7.8 


4.6 


Regnault 






291.32 


524.45 


11.04 


51.87 


Regnault 






297.38 


535 


16.0 


60.8 


Regnault 






296.5 


534 


17 


62.6 


Strombeck 


Water 


H2O 


535.9 
532.0 


964.6 
957.6 


100 
100 


212 
212 


Andrews 




Scball 


Benzol 


CeHa 


109. 
132.1 


196 

238 




100 


32 
212 


Reemaiilt 




Regnault 






154.5 


278 


210 


410 


Regnault 


Air 




44.02 
45.4 


79.3 
81.7 






Shearer 






Shearer 


Oxvcen 





68.0 
60.9 


106.1 
109.8 


-188 


-306.4 


Shearer 




Estreicher 


Nitrogen 


N 


49.83 


89.6 






Shearer 


Carbon dioxide 


CO2 


72.23 


130 


-25 


- 13 


Cailletet 






67.48 


103.2 





32 


Matthias 






66.25 


10 .3 





32 


Chappuis 






60.76 


91.5 


6.5 


43.7 


Matthias 






31.80 


67.2 


22.4 


72.3 


Matthias 






14.40 


25.9 


29.85 


85.7 


Matthias 






11.60 


20.9 


30 


86 


Cailletet 






3.72 


6.7 


30.82 


87.4 


Matthias 


Alcohol, methyl 


CHOH 


267.48 


482 


64.6 


148. 


Wirtz 


Alcohol, ethyl 


CzHeOH 


206.4 


372 


78 


172.4 


Schall 


Alcohol +5% water. . . 




214.25 


386 


78.4 


173.1 


Brix 


Decane 


C10H2J 
CeHn 


60.83 
87.3 


109.5 
157.1 


159.45 
68 
70 


319 

154.4 

158 


Louguinine 


Hexylene 


Mabery 




Goldstein 


Octane 


CsHio 


71.1 


128 


125 


257 


Goldstein 







Table XXXVI 
LATENT HEATS OF FUSION 
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



Substance. 


Symbol. 


Cal. per Kg. 


B.T.U .per Lb. 


C. 


F. 


Authority. 


Aluminum. . . 


Al 


239.4 


432 


625 


1157 


Pionchon 


Lead 


Pb 


5.37 


9.66 


362.2 


619.2 


Person 


Iron 


Fe 
Cu 


6.0 
43.0 


10.8 

77.4 


1000-1050 


1832-1922 


Pionchon 


Copper 


Richards 


Nickel 


Ni 


4.64 


8.35 






Pionchon 


Zinc 


Zn 

Sn 

NH3 


28.1 
14.25 
108.1 


50.5 
25.65 
195 


415 

233 

-75 


779 
451.4 
-102 


Person 


Tin 


Person 


Ammonia. . . . 


Massol 


Ice-water 


H2O 


79.25 


142.5 





32 


Person and Regnault 






79.06 


142.2 





32 


Regnault 






79.24 


142.5 





32 


Desains 






79.91 


143.9 





32 


Smith 






80.025 


144.3 





32 


Bunsen 


Benzol 


CeHa 


30.08 


55.5 


5.3 


41.6 


Fisher 



32 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 
Table XXXVII 



BOILING-POINTS (at 29.92 Ha) 
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



Class. 



Substance. 



Symbol. 



Boiling-point. 



C. 



Authority. 



Elements 



Inorganic com- 
pounds 



Hydrogen 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 

Chlorine 

Mercury 

Bromine 

Phosphorus 

Potassium 

Sodium 

Sulphur 

Tin 

Bismuth 

Cadmium 

Lead 

Zinc 

Antimony 

Magnesium 

Aluminum 

Silver 

Copper 

Manganese 

Chromium 

Iron 

Ammonia 

Carbon monoxide 

Carbon dioxide . . 
Sulphur dioxide. . 
Zinc chloride .... 

Air. 



H 

O 

N 

CI 

Hg 

Br 

P 
K 

Na 

S 

Sn 
Bi 
Cd 
Pb 
Zn 
Sb 
Mg 
Al 
Ag 
Cu 
Mn 
Cr 
Fe 
NH3 
CO 

CO2 

SO2 
ZnClz 



-252.5 



-182.7 

-194.4 

- 33.6 

357 

61.1 

287 
712 



750 

444. 
2270 
1430 

782 
1525 

918 
1440 
1120 
1800 
1955 
2310 
1900 
2200 
2450 
- 38. 
-191. 



- 79.1 

- 10.8 
730 

-192.2 
-191.4 



-412 
-297 
-318 
- 28.5 

674 

142 

558 
1372 

1382 

837 

4118 

2607 

1440 

2777 

1686 

2622 

2047 

3272 

3552 

4192 

3452 

3992 

4442 
-37.4 
-313 

-110.5 
12.6 
1347 

-314 
-312.5 



Dewar, 1901 

Holborn, 1901 

Olszewski 

Regnault 

Crafts-Regnault 

Mean of Thorpe, van der 

Plaats 
Schrotter, 1848 
Perman, Ruff, and Johann- 

sen 
Perman, Ruff, and Johann- 

sen 
Rothe, 1903 
Greenwood 
Barus, Greenwood 
Barus, 1894 
Greenwood 
Berthelot 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Greenwood 
Regnault, 1863 
Mean of Wroblewski and 

Olszewski 
Villard and Jarry 
Regnault, 1863 
Freyer and Meyer 

Wroblewski 
Olszewski 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table XXXYll— Continued 



33 



BOILING-POINTS (at 29.92 Hg) 
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



Class. 



Substance. 





Boiling-point. 


Symbol. 












C. 


F. 


CH4 


-165 


-265 


C2H6 


- 93 


-135 


C3H8 


- 45 


- 49 


C4H10 


+ 1 


33.8 


C5H12 


36.3 


97.3 


C6H14 


69 


156.2 


C7H16 


98.4 


209.1 


CgHis 


125.5 


257.9 


C9H20 


150 


302 


C10H22 


173 


343.4 


CiiH24 


195 


384 


C12H26 


214 


417.2 


C13H28 


234 


453.2 


C14H30 


252 


485.6 


C15H32 


270 


518 


C16H34 


287 


548.6 


C17H36 


303 


577 


C18H38 


317 


602 


C19H40 


330 


626 


C2H4 


-103 


-153.4 


C3H6 


- 50.2 


- 58.5 


C4H8 


+ 1 


33.8 


C5H10 


36 


96.8 


C6H12 


69 


156.2 


C7H14 


96-99 


205-210 


C8H16 


122-123 


251-255 


C9H18 


140-142 


284-288 


C10H20 


175 


347 


C2H2 


- 85 


-121 


CH30H 


66 


150.8 


C2H60H 


78 


172.4 


Mixture 




424 app. 


Mixture 




177 app. 



Authority. 



Hydrocarbon 
constituents of 
liquid and 
gaseous fuels 



Paraffine series, 

C'oH2»4-2 



Ethylene series, 
C2II2B 



Methane 

Ethane 

Propane 

Butane 

Pentane 

Hexane 

Heptane 

Octane 

Nonane 

Decane 

Undecane 

Dodecane 

Tridecane 

Tetradecane. . . . 
Pentadecane. . . 
Hexadecane. . . . 
Heptadecane. . . 
Octadecane. . . . 
Nonadecane. . . . 

Ethylene 

Propylene 

Butylene 

Amylene 

Hexylene 

Heptylene 

Octylene 

Nonylene 

Decylene 

Acetylene 

Methyl alcohol . 
Ethyl- alcohol. . . 

Naphthas 

Benzines 



Young 

Ladenberg 

Young, Hamlen 

Butlerow, Young 

Thorpe, Young 

Schorlemmer 

Thorpe, Young 

Thorpe, Young 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Kraft 

Olszewski 

Ladenburg-Kriigel 

Sieben 

Wagner 

Wreden 

Morgan 

Moshnger 

Beilstein 

Beilstein 

Villard 



General 
General 



34 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table XXXVIII 

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS 

Selected from Report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights, Journal Amer 
Chem. Soc, 1910. 



Substance. 



Aluminum . 
Calcium. . . 
Caibon. . . . 
Chlorine. . . 
Copper. . . . 
Hydrogen. . 

Iron 

Lead 

Magnesium , 
Manganese . 
Mercury. . . 

Nickel 

Nitrogen. . . 
Oxygen. . . . 
Platinum. , 
Potassium. . 

Silicon 

Sodium. . . . 
Sulphur .... 

Tin 

Zinc 



Symbol. 



Al 
Ca 
C 
CI 
Cu 
H 
Fe 
Pb 
Mg 
Mn 
Hg 
Ni 
N 
O 
Pt 
K 
Si 
Na 
S 
Sn 
Zn 



Atomic Weight, 
= 16. 



27.1 
40.09 
12.00 
35.46 
63.57 
1.008 
55.85 

207.10 
24.32 
54.93 

200.00 
58.68 
14.01 
16.00 

195.00 
39.10 
28.30 
23.00 
32.07 

119.00 
65.37 



Atomic Weight, 
H=l. 



26.9 

39.77 

11.99 

35.19 

63.07 

1.00 

55.41 

205.46 

24.13 

54.49 

198.50 

58.21 

13.90 

15.88 

193.40 

38.79 

28.20 

22.82 

31.82 

118.10 

64.88 



Table XXXIX 
MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS (at 29.92 Hg) 
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



Class. 



Elements: 



Substance. 



Hydrogen. . 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen. . , 
Chlorine. . . 
Mercury.. . 
Bromine . . . 
Phosphorus . 
Potassium. , 
Sodium. . . . 

Sulphur. . . , 



Symbols, 



H 
O 

N 

CI 

Hg 

Br 

P 

K 

Na 

S i 



Freezing-point. 



-258.9 
-230 
-210.5 
-102 

- 38.85 

- 7.3 
44.2 
62.5 
97 

113.5- 
119.5 



-432 
-382 
-347 
-151 
- 38 
45, 

111. 

144. 

206. 



236-247 



Authority. 



Travers, 1902 

General 

Fischer-Alt 

Olszewski 

Vincentini and Omodei, 1888 

Van der Plaats, 1886 

Helff, 1893 

Holt and Sims, 1894 

Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902 

Depending on form of S 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table XXXIX — Continued 
MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS (at 29.92 Ha) 
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables. 



35 



Class. 



Substance. 



Symbols. 



Freezing-point. 



C. 



F. 



Authority. 



Elements: 



Inorganic com- 
pomids 



Hydrocarbon 
constituents of 
liquid and 
gaseous fuel 

Paraffine series, ^ 
CftHzn+a 



Tin 

Bismuth 

Cadmium 

Lead 

Zinc 

Antimony. 

Magnesium 

Aluminum 

Silver 

Gold 

Copper 

Manganese 

Silicon 

Nickel 

Cobalt... 

Chromium 

Iron 

Platinum 

Tungsten 

Ammonia 

Calcium chloride 
Carbon monoxide 

Carbon dioxide . , 
Sodium chloride . 
Sulphur dioxide. . 
Zinc chloride .... 
Air 



Sn 

Bi 

Ca 

Pb 

Zn 

Sb 

Mg 

Al 

Ag 

Au 

Cu 

Mn 

Si 

Ni 

Co 

Cr 

Fe 

Pt 

W 

NH3 

CaCl2 
CO 

C02 

NaCl 

SO2 

ZnCla 



Ethylene Series, 
C»H2n 



Ethane 

Nonane .... 

Decane 

Undecane. . . 
Dodecane . . . 
Tridecane . . 
Tetradecane . 
Pentadecane 
Hexadecane . 
Heptadecanc 
Octadecane . 
Nonadecane . 



Ethylene .... 
Ethyl alcohol 



CzHs 

C9H20 

C10H22 

C11H24 

C12H26 

C13H28 

Cl4H30 
C16H32 
C16H34 
C17H36 
C18H38 
C19H40 

C2H4 
C2H6OH 



231.5 

269.2 

321 

326.9 

419 

624 

632.6 

657.3 

961 

1063 

1083 

1225 

1420 

1450 

1490 

1505 

1600 

1755 

2950 

- 75.5 
780 

-203 

- 57 
820 

- 76 
262 

-1922 

-171.4 

- 51 

- 31 

- 26 

- 12 

- 6 
+ 5 

10 
18 
22 
28 
32 

-169 
-130 



451 

517 

610 

621 

787 

1154 

1171 

1217 

1651 

1947 

1892 

2232 

2592 

2647 

2813 

2792 

2912 

3192 

5347 

-104 
1454 
-331.5 

70.8 
1510 

-105 
504 

-314 

-276.5 

- 59.8 

- 23.8 
■ 14.8 

10.4 

21.2 

41 

50 

64.4 

71.6 

82.4 

89.6 

■272 
•202 



Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902 

Callendar, 1899 

Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902 

Holborn and Day 

Holborn and Day 

Fay and Ashley 

Heycock and Neville, 1895 

Holborn and Day 

Holborn and Day 

Roberts and Austin 

Roberts and Austin 

Day-Sosman 

General 

Carnelley, Pictet, 1879 

General 

General 

Roberts and Austin 

Mean of three 

Waidner-Burgess, 

Waterburg 
Ladenburg and Krugel, 1 900 
Ruff and Plato, 1903 
Wroblewski, Olszewski 

(mean) 
General 

Ruff and Plato, 1903 
Faraday, 1845 
Braun, 1875 
Wroblewski, 1884 

Liquid Density 

.446 at 32° F. 

.733 at 32° F. 

.745 at 32° F. 

.756 at 32° F. 

.765 at 32° F. 

.771 at 32° F. 

.775 at 40° F. 

.776 at 10° C. 

.775 at 18° C. 

.777 at 22° C. 

.777 at 28° C. 

.777 at 32° C. 



.610 

.806 at 32* 



F. 



36 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XL 
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM 

(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams, 1909, by permission of 

the publishers, Longmans, Green & Co.) 



Vacuum 






Total Heat Above 












in inches 
Hg or 


Absolute 

Pressure 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 


Tempera- 
ture, 
Fahren- 
heat. 


32' 


'F. 


Latent 

Heat, 

L=H-h 

Heat-unita 


Volume, 

Cu. Ft. in 

1 Lb. of 

Steam. 


Weight of 

1 Cu. Ft. 

Steam, 

Pound. 


Entropy 
of the 
Water. 


Entropy 


Gauge 
Pressure 
Pounds 


In the 

Water, 

h 


In the 

Steam, 

H 


of Evap- 
oration. 


perSq.in. 






Heat-units 


Heat-unita 












29.74 


0.0886 


32 


0.00 


1073.4 


1073.4 


3294 


0.000304 


0.0000 


2.1832 


29.67 


0.1217 


40 


8.05 


1076.9 


1068.9 


2438 


0.000410 


0.0162 


2.1394 


29.56 


0.1780 


50 


18.08 


1081.4 


1063.3 


1702 


0.000587 


0.0361 


2.0865 


29.40 


0.2562 


60 


28.08 


1085.9 


1057.8 


1208 


0.000828 


0.0555 


2.0358 


29.18 


0.3626 


70 


38.06 


1090.3 


1052.3 


871 


0.001148 


0.0745 


1.9868 


28.89 


0.505 


80 


48.03 


1094.8 


1046.7 


636.8 


0.001570 


0.0932 


1.9398 


28.50 


0.696 


90 


58.00 


1099.2 


1041.2 


469.3 


0.002131 


0.1114 


1.8944 


28.00 


0.946 


100 


67.97 


1103.6 


1035.6 


350.8 


0.002851 


0.1295 


1.8505 


27.88 


1 


101.83 


69.8 


1104.4 


1034.6 


333.0 


0.00300 


0.1327 


1.8427 


25.85 


2 


126.15 


94.0 


1115.0 


1021.0 


173.5 


0.00576 


0.1749 


1.7431 


23.81 


3 


141.52 


109.4 


1121.6 


1012.3 


118.5 


0.00845 


0.2008 


1.6840 


21.78 


4 


153.01 


120.9 


1126.5 


1005.7 


90.5 


0.01107 


0.2198 


1.6416 


19.74 


5 


162.28 


130.1 


1130.5 


1000.3 


73.33 


0.01364 


0.2348 


1.6084 


17.70 


6 


170.06 


137.9 


1133.7 


995.8 


61.89 


0.01616 


0.2471 


1.5814 


15.67 


7 


176.85 


144.7 


1136.5 


991.8 


53.56 


0.01867 


0.2579 


1.5582 


13.63 


8 


182.86 


150.8 


1139.0 


988.2 


47.27 


0.02115 


0.2673 


1.5380 


11.60 


9 


188.27 


156.2 


1141.1 


985.0 


42.36 


0.02361 


0.2756 


1.5202 


9.56 


10 


193.22 


161.1 


1143.1 


982.0 


38.38 


0.02606 


0.2832 


1.5042 


7.52 


11 


197.75 


165.7 


1144.9 


979.2 


35.10 


0.02849 


0.2902 


1.4895 


5.49 


12 


201.96 


169.9 


1146.5 


976.6 


32.36 


0.03090 


0.2967 


1.4760 


3.45 


13 


205.87 


173.8 


1148.0 


974.2 


30.03 


0.03330 


0.3025 


1.4639 


1.42 
lbs. 
gauge 


14 


209.55 


177.5 


1149.4 


971.9 


28.02 


0.03569 


0.3081 


1.4523 


14.70 


212 


180.0 


1150.4 


970.4 


26.79 


0.03732 


0.3118 


1.4447 


0.3 


15 


213.0 


181.0 


1150.7 


969.7 


26.27 


0.03806 


0.3133 


1.4416 


1.3 


16 


216.3 


184.4 


1152.0 


967.6 


24.79 


0.04042 


0.3183 


1.4311 


2.3 


17 


219.4 


187.5 


1153.1 


965.6 


23.38 


0.04277 


0.3229 


1.4215 


3.3 


18 


222.4 


190.5 


1154.2 


963.7 


22.16 


0.04512 


0.3273 


1.4127 


4.3 


19 


225.2 


193.4 


1155.2 


961.8 


21.07 


0.04746 


0.3315 


1.4045 


5.3 


20 


228.0 


196.1 


1156.2 


960.0 


20.08 


0.04980 


0.3355 


1.3965 


6.3 


21 


230.6 


198.8 


1157.1 


958.3 


19.18 


0.05213 


0.3393 


1.3887 


7.3 


22 


233.1 


201.3 


1158.0 


95 J. 7 


18.37 


0.05445 


0.3430 


1.3811 


8.3 


23 


235.5 


203.8 


1158.8 


955.1 


17.62 


0.05676 


0.3465 


1.3739 


9.3 


24 


237.8 


206.1 


1159.6 


953.5 


16.93 


0.05907 


0.3499 


1.3670 


10.3 


25 


240.1 


208.4 


1160.4 


952.0 


16.30 


0.0614 


0.3532 


1.3604 


11.3 


26 


242.2 


210.6 


1161.2 


950.6 


15.72 


0.0636 


0.3564 


1.3542 


12.3 


27 


244.4 


212.7 


1161.9 


949.2 


15.18 


0.0659 


0.3594 


1.3483 


13.3 


28 


246.4 


214.8 


1162.6 


947.8 


14.67 


0.0682 


0.3623 


1.3425 


14.3 


29 


248.4 


216.8 


1163.2 


946.4 


14.19 


0.0705 


0.3652 


1.3367 


15.3 


30 


250.3 


218.8 


1163.9 


945.1 


13.74 


0.0728 


0.3680 


1.3311 


16.3 


31 


252.2 


220.7 


1164.5 


943.8 


13.32 


0.0751 


0.3707 


1.3257 


17.3 


32 


254.1 


222.6 


1165.1 


942.5 


12.93 


0.0773 


0.3733 


1.3205 


18.3 


33 


255.8 


224.4 


1165.7 


941.3 


12.57 


0.0795 


0.3759 


1.3155 


19.3 


34 


257.6 


226.2 


1166.3 


940.1 


12.22 


0.0818 


0.3784 


1.3107 


20.3 


35 


259.3 


227.9 


1166.8 


938.9 


11.89 


0.0841 


0.3808 


1.3060 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table XL — Continued 



37 









Total Heat Above 








1 
f 








32< 


'F. 












Gauge 


Absolute 
Pressure 


Tempera- 
ture, 






Latent 
Heat, 


Volume, 
Cu. Ft. in 


Weight of 
1 Cu. Ft. 


Entropy 




Pressure 






Entropy 


Pounds 


Pounds 


Fahren- 


In the 


In the 


L=H-h 


1 Lb. of 


Steani, 


of the 


of Evap- 


per Sq.in. 


per Sq.in. 


heat. 


Water, 


Steam, 

H 

Heat-units 


Heat-units 


Steam. 


Pound. 


Water. 


oration. 








/I 
Heat-units 












21.3 


36 


261.0 


229.6 


1167.3 


937.7 


11.58 


0.0863 


0.3832 


1.3014 


22.3 


37 


262.6 


231.3 


1167.8 


936.6 


11.29 


0.0886 


0.3855 


1.2969 


23.3 


38 


264.2 


232.9 


1168.4 


935.5 


11.01 


0.0908 


0.3877 


1.2925 


24.3 


39 


265.8 


234.5 


1168.9 


934.4 


10.74 


0.0931 


0.3899 


1.2882 


25.3 


40 


267.3 


236.1 


1169.4 


933.3 


10.49 


0.0953 


0.3920 


1.2841 


26.3 


41 


268.7 


237.6 


1169.8 


932.2 


10.25 


0.0976 


0.3941 


1.2800 


27.3 


42 


270.2 


239.1 


1170.3 


931.2 


10.02 


0.0998 


0.3962 


1.2759 


28.3 


43 


271.7 


240.5 


1170.7 


930.2 


9.80 


0.1020 


0.3982 


1.2720 


29.3 


44 


273.1 


242.0 


1171.2 


929.2 


9.59 


0.1043 


0.4002 


1.2681 


30.3 


45 


274.5 


243.4 


1171.6 


928.2 


9.39 


0.1065 


0.4021 


1.2644 


31.3 


46 


275.8 


244.8 


1172.0 


927.2 


9.20 


0.1087 


0.4040 


1.2607 


32.3 


47 


277.2 


246.1 


1172.4 


926.3 


9.02 


0.1109 


0.4059 


1.2571 


33.3 


48 


278.5 


247.5 


1172.8 


925.3 


8.84 


0.1131 


0.4077 


1.2536 


34.3 


49 


279.8 


248.8 


1173.2 


924.4 


8.67 


0.1153 


0.4095 


1.2502 


35.3 


50 


281.0 


250.1 


1173.6 


923.5 


8.51 


0.1175 


0.4113 


1.2468 


36.3 


51 


282.3 


251.4 


1174.0 


922.6 


8.35 


0.1197 


0.4130 


1.2432 


37.3 


52 


283.5 


252.6 


1174.3 


921.7 


8.20 


0.1219 


0.4147 


1.2405 


38.3 


53 


284.7 


253.9 


1174.7 


920.8 


8.05 


0.1241 


0.4164 


1.2370 


39.3 


54 


285.9 


255.1 


1175.0 


919.9 


7.91 


0.1263 


0.4180 


1.2339 


40.3 


55 


287.1 


256.3 


1175.4 


919.0 


7.78 


0.1285 


0.4196 


1.2309 


41.3 


56 


288.2 


257.5 


1175.7 


918.2 


7.65 


0.1307 


0.4212 


1.2278 


42.3 


57 


289.4 


258.7 


1176.0 


917.4 


7.52 


0.1329 


0.4227 


1.2248 


43.3 


58 


290.5 


259.8 


1176.4 


916.5 


7.40 


0.1350 


0.4242 


1.2218 


44.3 


59 


291.6 


261.0 


1176.7 


915.7 


7.28 


0.1372 


0.4257 


1.2189 


45.3 


60 


292.7 


262.1 


1177.0 


914.9 


7.17 


0.1394 


0.4272 


1.2160 


46.3 


61 


293.8 


263.2 


1177.3 


914.1 


7.06 


0.1416 


0.4287 


1.2132 


47.3 


62 


294.9 


264.3 


1177.6 


913.3 


6.95 


0.1438 


0.4302 


1.2104 


48.3 


63 


295.9 


265.4 


1177.9 


912.5 


6.85 


0.1460 


0.4316 


1.2077 


49.3 


64 


297.0 


266.4 


1178.2 


911.8 


6.75 


0.1482 


0.4330 


1.2050 


60.3 


65 


298.0 


267.5 


1178.5 


911.0 


6.65 


0.1503 


0.4344 


1.2024 


51.3 


66 


299.0 


268.5 


1178.8 


910.2 


6.56 


0.1525 


0.4358 


1 . 1998 


52.3 


67 


300.0 


269.6 


1179.0 


909.5 


6.47 


0.1547 


0.4371 


1.1972 


53.3 


68 


301.0 


270.6 


1179.3 


908.7 


6.38 


0.1569 


0.4385 


1.1946 


54.3 


69 


302.0 


271.6 


1179.6 


908.0 


6.29 


0.1590 


0.4398 


1.1921 


55.3 


70 


302.9 


272.6 


1179.8 


907.2 


6.20 


0.1612 


0.4411 


1 . 1896 


56.3 


71 


303.9 


273.6 


1180.1 


906.5 


6.12 


0.1634 


0.4422 


1.1872 


57.3 


72 


304.8 


274.5 


1180.4 


905.8 


6.04 


0.1656 


0.4437 


1.1848 


58.3 


73 


305.8 


275.5 


1180.6 


905.1 


5.96 


0.1678 


0.4449 


1.1825, 


59.3 


74 


306.7 


276.5 


1180.9 


904.4 


5.89 


0.1699 


0.4462 


1 1801 j 


60.3 


75 


307.6 


277.4 


1181.1 


903.7 


5.81 


0.1721 


0.4474 


1.1778 


61.3 


76 


308.5 


278.3 


1181.4 


903.0 


5.74 


0.1743 


0.4487 


1.1755 


62.3 


77 


309.4 


279.3 


1181.6 


902.3 


5.67 


0.1764 


0.4499 


1.1730 


63.3 


78 


310.3 


280.2 


1181.8 


901.7 


5.60 


0.1786 


0.4511 


1.1712 


64.3 


79 


311.2 


281.1 


1182.1 


901.0 


5.54 


0.1808 


0.4523 


1.1687 


65.3 


80 


312.0 


282.0 


1182.3 


900.3 


5.47 


0.1829 


0.4535 


1.1665 


66.3 


81 


312.9 


282.9 


1182.5 


899.7 


5.41 


0.1851 


0.4546 


1 . 1644 


67.3 


82 


313.8 


283.8 


1182.8 


899.0 


5.34 


0.1873 


0.4557 


1 . 1623 


68.3 


83 


314.6 


284.6 


1183.0 


898.4 


5.28 


0.1894 


0.4568 


1.1602 



38 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 
Table XL — Continued 









Total Heat Above 
32° F. 












Gauge 


Absolute 

Pressure 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 


Tempera- 
ture, 
Fahren- 
heat. 






Latent 

Heat, 

L=H-h 

Heat-units 


Volume, 

Cu. Ft. in 

1 Lb. of 

Steam. 


Weight of 

1 Cu. Ft. 

Steam, 

Pound. 


Entropy 
of the 
Water. 




Pressure 

Pounds 

perSq.in. 


In the 

Water, 

h 

Heat-units 


In the 

Steam, 

H 

Heat-units 


Entropy 
of Evap- 
oration. 


















69.3 


84 


315.4 


285.5 


1183.2 


897.7 


5.22 


0.1915 


0.4579 


1.1581 


70.3 


85 


316.3 


286.3 


1183.4 


897.1 


5.16 


0.1937 


0.4590 


1.1561 


71.3 


86 


317.1 


287.2 


1183.6 


896.4 


5.10 


0.1959 


0.4601 


1.1540 


72.3 


87 


317.9 


288.0 


1183.8 


895.8 


5.05 


0.1980 


0.4612 


1.1520 


73.3 


88 


318.7 


288.9 


1184.0 


895.2 


5.00 


0.2001 


0.4623 


1.1500 


74.3 


89 


319.5 


289.7 


1184.2 


894.6 


4.94 


0.2023 


0.4633 


1.1481 


75.3 


90 


320.3 


290.5 


1184.4 


893.9 


4.89 


0.2044 


0.4644 


1.1461 


76.3 


91 


321.1 


291.3 


1184.6 


893.3 


4.84 


0.2065 


0.4654 


1.1442 


77.3 


92 


321.8 


292.1 


1184.8 


892.7 


4.79 


0.2087 


0.4664 


1.1423 


78.3 


93 


322.6 


292.9 


1185.0 


892.1 


4.74 


0.2109 


0.4674 


1.1404 


79.3 


94 


323.4 


293.7 


1185.2 


891.5 


4.69 


0.2130 


0.4684 


1 . 1385 


80.3 


95 


324.1 


294.5 


1185.4 


890.9 


4.65 


0.2151 


0.4694 


1.1367 


81.3 


96 


324.9 


295.3 


1185.6 


890.3 


4.60 


0.2172 


0.4704 


1.1348 


82.3 


97 


325.6 


296.1 


1185.8 


889.7 


4.56 


0.2193 


0.4714 


1.1330 


83.3 


98 


326.4 


296.8 


1186.0 


889.2 


4.51 


0.2215 


0.4724 


1.1312 


84.3 


99 


327.1 


297.6 


1186.2 


888.6 


4.47 


0.2237 


0.4733 


1.1295 


85.3 


100 


327.8 


298.3 


1186.3 


888.0 


4.429 


0.2258 


0.4743 


1.1277 


87.3 


102 


329.3 


299.8 


1186.7 


886.9 


4.347 


0.2300 


0.4762 


1.1242 


89.3 


104 


330.7 


301.3 


1187.0 


885.8 


4.268 


0.2343 


0.4780 


1 . 1208 


91.3 


106 


332.0 


302.7 


1187.4 


884.7 


4.192 


0.2336 


0.4798 


1.1174 


93.3 


108 


333.4 


304.1 


1187.7 


883.6 


4.118 


0.2429 


0.4816 


1.1141 


95.3 


110 


334.8 


305.5 


1188.0 


882.5 


4.047 


0.2472 


0.4834 


1.1108 


97.3 


112 


336.1 


306.9 


1188.4 


881.4 


3.978 


0.2514 


0.4852 


1.1076 


99.3 


114 


337.4 


308.3 


1188.7 


880.4 


3.912 


0.2556 


0.4869 


1 . 1045 


101.3 


116 


338.7 


309.6 


1189.0 


879.3 


3.848 


0.2599 


0.4886 


1.1014 


103.3 


118 


340.0 


311.0 


1189.3 


878.3 


3.786 


0.2641 


0.4903 


1.0984 


105.3 


120 


341.3 


312.3 


1189.6 


877.2 


3.726 


0.2683 


0.4919 


1.0954 


107.3 


122 


342.5 


313.6 


1189.8 


876.2 


3.668 


0.2726 


0.4935 


1.0924 


109.3 


124 


343.8 


314.9 


1190.1 


875.2 


3.611 


0.2769 


0.4951 


1.0895 


111.3 


126 


345.0 


316.2 


1190.4 


874.2 


3.556 


0.2812 


0.4967 


1.0865 


113.3 


128 


346.2 


317.4 


1190.7 


873.3 


3.504 


0.2854 


0.4982 


1.0837 


115.3 


130 


347.4 


318.6 


1191.0 


872.3 


3.452 


0.2897 


0.4998 


1.0809 


117.3 


132 


348.5 


319.9 


1191.2 


871.3 


3.402 


0.2939 


0.5013 


1.0782 


119.3 


134 


349.7 


321.1 


1191.5 


870.4 


3.354 


0.2981 


0.5028 


1.0755 


121.3 


136 


350.8 


322.3 


1191.7 


869.4 


3.308 


0.3023 


0.5043 


1.0728 


123.3 


138 


352.0 


323.4 


1192.0 


•868.5 


3.263 


0.3065 


0.5057 


1.0702 


125.3 


140 


353.1 


324.6 


1192.2 


867.6 


3.219 


0.3107 


0.5072 


1.0675 


127.3 


142 


354.2 


325.8 


1192.5 


866.7 


3.175 


0.3150 


0.5086 


1.0649 


129.3 


144 


355.3 


326.9 


1192.7 


865.8 


3.133 


0.3192 


0.5100 


1.0624 


131.3 


146 


356.3 


328.0 


1192.9 


864.9 


3.092 


0.3234 


0.5114 


1.0599 


133.3 


148 


357.4 


329.1 


1193.2 


864.0 


3.052 


0.3276 


0.5128 


1.0574 


135.3 


150 


358.5 


330.2 


1193.4 


863.2 


3.012 


0.3320 


0.5142 


1.0550 


137.3 


152 


359.5 


331.4 


1193.6 


862.3 


2.974 


0.3362 


0.5155 


1.0525 


139.3 


154 


360.5 


332.4 


1193.8 


861.4 


2.938 


0.3404 


0.5169 


1.0501 


141.3 


156 


361.6 


333.5 


1194.1 


860.6 


2.902 


0.3446 


0.5182 


1.0477 


143.3 


158 


362.6 


334.6 


1194.3 


859.7 


2.868 


0.3488 


0.5195 


1.0454 


145.3 


160 


363.6 


335.6 


1194.5 


858.8 


2.834 


0.3529 


0.5208 


1.0431 


147.3 


162 


364.6 


336.7 


1194.7 


858.0 


2.801 


0.3570 


0.5220 


1.0409 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table XL — Continued 



39 









Total Heat Above 
32° F. 








, 




GaAige 


Absolute 

Pressure 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 


Tempera- 
ture, 

Fahren- 
heat. 






Latent 

Heat, 

L=H-h 

Heat-units 


Volume, 

Cu. Ft. in 

1 Lb. of 

Steam. 


Weight of 

1 Cu. Ft. 

Steam, 

Pound. 


Entropy 
of the 
Water. 




Pressure 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 


In the 

Water, 

h 


In the 

Steam, 

H 

Heat-units 


Entropy 
of Evap- 
oration. 








fi 
Heat-units 












149.3 


164 


365.6 


337.7 


1194.9 


857.2 


2.769 


0.3612 


0.5233 


1.0387 


151.3 


166 


366.5 


338.7 


1195.1 


856.4 


2.737 


0.3654 


0.5245 


1.0365 


153.3 


168 


367.5 


339.7 


1195.3 


855.5 


2.706 


0.3696 


0.5257 


1.0343 


155.3 


170 


368.5 


340.7 


1195.4 


854.7 


2.675 


0.3738 


0.5269 


1.0321 


157.3 


172 


369.4 


341.7 


1195.6 


853.9 


2.645 


0.3780 


0.5281 


1.0300 


159.3 


174 


370.4 


342.7 


1195.8 


853.1 


2.616 


0.3822 


0.5293 


1.0278 


161.3 


176 


371.3 


343.7 


1196.0 


852.3 


2.588 


0.3864 


0.5305 


1.0257 


163.3 


178 


372.2 


344.7 


1196.2 


851.5 


2.560 


0.3906 


0.5317 


1.0235 


165.3 


180 


373.1 


345.6 


1196.4 


850.8 


2.533 


0.3948 


0.5328 


1.0215 


167.3 


182 


374.0 


346.6 


1196.6 


850.0 


2.507 


0.3989 


0.5339 


1.0195 


169.3 


184 


374.9 


347.6 


1196.8 


849.2 


2.481 


0.4031 


0.5351 


1.0174 


171.3 


186 


375.8 


348.5 


1196.9 


848.4 


2.455 


0.4073 


0.5362 


1.0154 


173.3 


188 


376.7 


349.4 


1197.1 


847.7 


2.430 


0.4115 


0.5373 


1.0134 


175.3 


190 


377.6 


350.4 


1197.3 


846.9 


2.406 


0.4157 


0.5384 


1.0114 


177.3 


192 


378.5 


351.3 


1197.4 


846.1 


2.381 


0.4199 


0.5395 


1.0095 


179.3 


194 


379.3 


352.2 


1197.6 


845.4 


2.358 


0.4241 


0.5405 


1.0076 


181.3 


196 


380.2 


353.1 


1197.8 


844.7 


2.335 


0.4283 


0.5416 


1.0056 


183.3 


198 


381.0 


354.0 


1197.9 


843.9 


2.312 


0.4325 


0.5426 


1.0038 


185.3 


200 


381.9 


354.9 


1198.1 


843.2 


2.290 


0.437 


0.5437 


1.0019 


190.3 


205 


384.0 


357.1 


1198.5 


841.4 


2.237 


0.447 


0.5463 


0.9973 


195.3 


210 


386.0 


359.2 


1198.8 


839.6 


2.187 


0.457 


0.5488 


0.9928 


200.3 


215 


388.0 


361.4 


1199.2 


837.9 


2.138 


0.468 


0.5513 


0.9885 


205.3 


220 


389.9 


363.4 


1199.6 


836.2 


2.091 


0.478 


0.5538 


0.9841 


210.3 


225 


391.9 


365.5 


1199.9 


834.4 


2.046 


0.489 


0.5562 


0.9799 


215.3 


230 


393.8 


367.5 


1200.2 


832.8 


2.004 


0.499 


0.5586 


0.9758 


220.3 


235 


395.6 


369.4 


1200.6 


831.1 


1.964 


0.509 


0.5610 


0.9717 


225.3 


240 


397.4 


371.4 


1200.9 


829.5 


1.924 


0.520 


0.5633 


0.9676 


230.3 


245 


399.3 


373.3 


1201.2 


827.9 


1.8S7 


0.530 


0.5655 


0.9638 


235.3 


250 


401.1 


375.2 


1201.5 


826.3 


1.850 


0.541 


0.5676 


0.9600 


245.3 


260 


404.5 


378.9 


1202.1 


823.1 


1.782 


9.561 


0.5719 


0.9525 


255.3 


270 


407.9 


382.5 


1202.6 


820.1 


1.718 


0.582 


0.5760 


0.9454 


265.3 


280 


411.2 


386.0 


1203.1 


817.1 


1.658 


0.603 


0.5800 


0.9385 


275.3 


290 


414.4 


389.4 


1203.6 


814.2 


1.602 


0.624 


0.5840 


0.9316 


285.3 


300 


417.5 


392.7 


1204.1 


811.3 


1.551 


0.645 


0.6878 


0.9251 


295.3 


310 


420.5 


395.9 


1204.5 


808.5 


1.502 


0.666 


0.5915 


0.9187 


305.3 


320 


423.4 


399.1 


1204.9 


805.8 


1.456 


0.687 


0.5951 


0.9125 


315.3 


330 


426.3 


402.2 


1205.3 


803.1 


1.413 


0.708 


0.5986 


0.9065 


325.3 


340 


429.1 


405.3 


1205.7 


800.4 


1.372 


0.729 


0.6020 


0.9006 


335.3 


350 


431.9 


408.2 


1206.1 


797.8 


1.334 


0.750 


0.6053 


0.8949 


345.3 


360 


434.6 


411.2 


1206.4 


795.3 


1.298 


0.770 


0.6085 


0.8894 


355.3 


370 


437.2 


414.0 


1206.8 


792.8 


1.264 


0.791 


0.6116 


0.8840 


365.3 


380 


439.8 


416.8 


1207.1 


790.3 


1.231 


0.812 


0.6147 


0.8788 


375.3 


390 


442.3 


419.5 


1207.4 


787.9 


1.200 


0.833 


0.6178 


0.8737 


385.3 


400 


444.8 


422 


1208 


786 


1.17 


0.86 


0.621 


0.868 


435.3 


450 


456.5 


435 


1209 


774 


1.04 


0.96 


0.635 


0.844 


485.3 


500 


467.3 


448 


1210 


762 


0.93 


1.08 


0.648 


0.822 


535.3 


550 


477.3 


459 


1210 


751 


0.83 


1.20 


0.659 


0.801 


585.3 


600 


486.6 


469 


1210 


741 


0.76 


1.32 


0.670 


0.783 



40 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XLI 
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM 

(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams) 
V =specific volume in cubic feet per pound, h =total heat, from water at 32° F. in B.T.U. per pound, 

n = entropy, from water at 32°. 



Pressure 
Absolute, 


Temp, 

Sat. 


Degrees of Superheat. 


Pounds 






















per Sq.in. 


Steam. 





20 


50 


100 


150 


200 


250 


300 


400 


500 


20 


228.0 


V 20.08 


20.73 


21.69 


23.25 


24.80 


26.33 


27.85 


29.37 


32.39 


35.40 






h 1156.2 


1165.7 


1179.9 


1203.5 


1227.1 


1250.6 


1274.1 


1297.6 


1344.8 


1392.2 






n 1.7320 


1.7456 


1.7652 


1.7961 


1.8251 


1.8524 


1.8781 


1.9026 


1.9479 


1.9893 


40 


267.3 


V 10.49 


10.83 


11.33 


12.13 


12.93 


13.70 


14.48 


15.25 


16.78 


18.30 






h 1169.4 


1179.3 


1194.0 


1218.4 


1242.4 


1266.4 


1290.3 


1314.1 


1361.6 


1409.3 






n 1.6761 


1.6895 


1.7089 


1.7392 


1.7674 


1.7940 


1.8189 


1.8427 


1.8867 


1.9271 


60 


292.7 


v7.17 


7.40 


7.75 


8.30 


8.84 


9.36 


9.89 


10.41 


11.43 


12.45 






h 1177.0 


1187.3 


1202.6 


1227.6 


1252.1 


1276.4 


1300.4 


1324.3 


1372.2 


1420.0 






n 1.6432 


1.6568 


1.6761 


1.7062 


1.7342 


1.7603 


1.7849 


1.8081 


1.8511 


1.8908 


80 


312.0 


V 5.47 


5.65 


5.92 


6.34 


6.75 


7.17 


7.56 


7.95 


8.72 


9.49 






h 1182.3 


1193.0 


1208.8 


1234.3 


1259.0 


1283.6 


1307.8 


1331.9 


1379.8 


1427.9 






n 1.6200 


1.6338 


1.6532 


1.6833 


1.7110 


1.7368 


1.7612 


1.7840 


1.8265 


1.8658 


100 


327.8 


V4.43 


4.58 


4.79 


5.14 


5.47 


5.80 


6.12 


6.44 


7.07 


7.69 






h 1186.3 


1197.5 


1213.8 


1239.7 


1264.7 


1289.4 


1313.6 


1337.8 


1385.9 


1434.1 






n 1.6020 


1.6160 


1.6358 


1.6658 


1.6933 


1.7188 


1.7428 


1.7656 


1.8079 


1.8468 


120 


341.3 


v3.73 


3.85 


4.04 


4.33 


4.62 


4.89 


5.17 


5.44 


5.96 


6.48 






h 1189.6 


1201.1 


1217.9 


1244.1 


1269.3 


1294.1 


1318.4 


1342.7 


1391.0 


1439.4 






n 1.5873 


1.6016 


1.6216 


1.6517 


1.6789 


1.7041 


1.7280 


1.7505 


1.7924 


1.8311 


140 


353.1 


V 3.22 


3.32 


3.49 


3.75 


4.00 


4.24 


4.48 


4.71 


5.16 


5.61 






h 1192.2 


1204.3 


1221.4 


1248.0 


1273.3 


1298.2 


1322.6 


1346.9 


1395.4 


1443.8 






n 1.5747 


1.5894 


1.6096 


1.6395 


1.6666 


1.6916 


1.7152 


1.7376 


1.7792 


1.8177 


160 


363.6 


V 2.83 


2.93 


3.07 


3.30 


3.53 


3.74 


3.95 


4.15 


4.56 


4.95 






h 1194.5 


1207.0 


1224.5 


1251.3 


1276.8 


1301.7 


1326.2 


1350.6 


1399.3 


1447.9 






n 1.5639 


1.5789 


1.5993 


1.6292 


1.6561 


1.6810 


1.7043 


1.7266 


1.7680 


1.8063 


180 


373.1 


V 2.53 


2.62 


2.75 


2.96 


3.16 


3.35 


3.54 


3.72 


4.09 


4.44 






h 1196.4 


1209.4 


1227.2 


1254.3 


1279.9 


1304.8 


1329.5 


1253.9 


1402.7 


1451.4 






n 1.5543 


1.5697 


1.5904 


1.6201 


1.6468 


1.6716 


1.6948 


1.7169 


1.7581 


1.7962 


200 


381.9 


V 2.29 


2.37 


2.49 


2.68 


2.86 


3.04 


3.21 


3.38 


3.71 


4.03 






h 1198.1 


1211.6 


1229.8 


1257.1 


1282.6 


1307.7 


1332.4 


1357.0 


1405.9 


1464.7 






n 1.5456 


1.5614 


1.5823 


1.6120 


1.6385 


1.6632 


1.6862 


1.7082 


1.7493 


1.7872 


220 


389.9 


V 2.09 


2.16 


2.28 


2.45 


2.62 


2.78 


2.94 


3.10 


3.40 


3.69 






h 1199.6 


1213.6 


1232.2 


1259.6 


1285.2 


1310.3 


1335.1 


1359.8 


1408.8 


1457.7 






n 1.5379 


1.5541 


1.5753 


1.6049 


1.6312 


1.6558 


1.6787 


1.7005 


1.7415 


1.7792 


240 


397.4 


V 1.92 


1.99 


2.09 


2.26 


2.42 


2.57 


2.71 


2.85. 


3.13 


3.40 






h 1200.9 


1215.4 


1234.3 


1261.9 


1287.6 


1312.8 


1337.6 


1362.3 


1411.5 


1460.5 






n 1.5309 


1.5476 


1.5690 


1.5985 


1.6246 


1.6492 


1.6720 


1.6937 


1.7344 


1.7721 


260 


404.5 


V 1.78 


1.84 


1.94 


2.10 


2.24 


2.39 


2.52 


2.65 


2.91 


3.16 






h 1202.1 


1217.1 


1236.4 


1264.1 


1289.9 


1315.1 


1340.0 


1364.7 


1414.0 


1463.2 






n 1.5244 


1.5416 


1.5631 


1.5926 


1.6186 


1.6430 


1.6658 


1.6874 


1.7280 


1.7655 


280 


411.2 


V 1.66 


1.72 


1.81 


1.95 


2.09 


2.22 


2.35 


2.48 


2.72 


2.95 






h 1203.1 


1218.7 


1238.4 


1266.2 


1291.9 


1317.2 


1342.2 


1367.0 


1416.4 


1465.7 






n 1.5185 


1.5362 


1.5580 


1.5873 


1.6133 


1.6375 


1.6603 


1.6818 


1.7223 


1.7597 


300 


417.5 


V 1.55 


1.60 


1.69 


1.83 


1.96 


2.09 


2.21 


2.33 


2.55 


2.77 






h 1204.1 


1220.2 


1240.3 


1268.2 


1294.0 


1319.3 


1344.3 


1369.2 


1418.6 


1468.0 






n 1.5129 


1.5310 


1.5530 


1.5824 


1.6082 


1.6323 


1.6550 


1.6765 


1.7168 


1.7541 


350 


431.9 


V 1.33 


1.38 


1.46 


1.58 


1.70 


1.81 


1.92 


2.02 


2.22 


2.41 






h 1206.1 


1223.9 


1244.6 


1272.7 


1298.7 


1324.1 


1349.3 


1374.3 


1424.0 


1473.7 






n 1.5002 


1.5199 


1.5423 


1.5715 


1.5971 


1.6210 


1.6436 


1.6650 


1.7052 


1.7422 


400 


444.8 


V 1.17 


1.21 


1.28 


1.40 


1.50 


1.60 


1.70 


1.79 


1.97 


2.14 






h 1207.7 


1227.2 


1248.6 


1276.9 


1303.0 


1328.6 


1353.9 


1379.1 


1429.0 


1478.9 






n 1.4894 


1.5107 


1.5336 


1.5625 


1.5880 


1.6117 


1.6342 


1.6554 


1.6955 


1.7323 


450 


456.5 


V 1.04 


1.08 


1.14 


1.25 


1.35 


1.44 


1.53 


1.61 


1.77 


1.93 






h 1209 


1231 


1252 


1281 


1307 


1333 


1358 


1383 


1434 


1484 






n 1.479 


1.502 


1.526 


1.554 


1.580 


1.603 


1.626 


1.647 


1.687 


1.723 


500 


467.3 


V 0.93 


0.97 


1.03 


1.13 


1.22 


1.31 


1.39 


1.47 


1.62 


1.76 






h 1210 


1233 


1256 


1285 


1311 


1337 


1362 


1388 


1438 


1489 






n 1.470 


1.496 


1.519 


1.548 


1.573 


1.597 


1.619 


1.640 


1.679 


1.715 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



41 



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Q ft 



00C01>0iTH(NOOT-l"^l>«O'<#0iC01>C000l>Tt<(£iCDI>O(MTtH|> 
OOOT-HCQ-^iOcOOOOJOi-HCOTtHiOt^OOOi-HCOiOi^OOi-HCOTt^COOO 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 



o o ft-O 



(NOOOOOOi:OOOcO-^COCOOOC^CD(Mt^(MOCOcDTt<iOOrtH(MO 
l>OOOCO<:DTHrt<OOCOOOCOOOC005TtHOiOT-Kl>(NOOiOOb-C001> 

lO Tji r}^ M (N C<i 1-H O* O* OJ Oi 00 00 ^«^ t^ l> CO CO u:) lO rJH Tti rJH CO M CO C^^ 

(M(N(M(N(N(M<N(M(N'-'i-lrHTH,-lr-li-lTHrHTHrHi-lT-lTHrH,-li-H,-l 






iOiOOO(NuooO(MlOI> 



(M iO lO 



"^cOt^'-H'>*cO00COCOOS(MCOO5 



050505000i-i^T-i(Nc^cq(NeocococoTti'<*i'^THuo^»ocococo 

C<l(M(NCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCO 






i01>0'^l>0'<*t>- 



cocooso-^t^osocococo 



Tt< t^ 



CO CO OS 



CO(MC<IrHOOCi00001~^COiOiOrJ<cO<MC^'-iOOiOiOOt^t^COiO"^ 
000000050500505050505050505505050000000000000000 
C0C0C0cOc0C0iO»OiO»O»OiOiOi0iO»OiOiO^iOiOiOiOiO^i0u^ 



Ot3 <D^' 



C<?(NC<l(N(N(NC<IC0C0"*"<*!rt<rJ<C0C0C<l(N(N(N(NTHirHT--lT--iOO 

TtlCO(Ni-lo'o5o6N^cO>0'<*iCOC<Ji-i005001>.COiOTt^CO(MrH00500 
|>.l>.t>l>.l>.CO(:OcOCOcOCOCOCOCOCO»OiO»OiO'0»OiOiOiO»0"^"^ 

I I I I i I I I I I I I i M I I I I I I I I I I I 1 



0) <n d 

5 fl Cm 

S 3CC c3 



i001>0000 lOO lOO 

OOCOCOi-iOO«Oi-it>"^OCO<Mt-COi-I^O>OOe005-^05-^05iOTH 

rt< TjJ '^' TtJ eo' CO CO (N (M (N T-H rH o" o' O* O rH i-l (N* (N (N CO CO rji rt^ lO Co' 
I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I + 



<U 05 fl « 

g 30Q o 
«^ o t, g 

Ah^ ft-< 



lO CO 

00 tH CO CO 05 C<J CO 




CO 1>- 


tH 


»o 


Ti< 


00 




1> 


(M 


00 

CO 


lO O 
1-1 CO 


1— 1 


CO 


r--' 


CO 


<N 


00 


05 O O O O rH 1-1 


1—1 


I— 1 


I— 1 


CO CO ""^ "TfH r:J^ 
T— 1 tH tH r-1 rH 




»0 CO 
1— < 1—1 


CO 1> 1> 

i—H 1— t 1-1 


00 

1—1 


00 

1—1 


05 


05 
1-1 


O 


O 



(O ft • 



005001>COiO'<^CO(Ni-l00500b*COiOrt^CO(N»-i00500t^cO^'^ 
TfCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO<M(N(N(M(N(M(M(N(N(Ni-ii-ii-(i-ii-i'-< 

I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 



• ft • 



OrH(NCOThiiOcOt^00050i-i(MCO'^iOcor^00050'-ic<lCOTH»OcO 
(M(N(N(N(N(NC^(N(M<MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOtJ<tJ< «:tiTjl'^TlHrtl 
Ti^ ^i^ ^^ ^i^ ^^ ^^ ^i^ ^t^ ^i^ ^^ ^t^ ^^ t}^ tJ^ ^t^ tJ^ ^^ ^t^ ^^ ''^ ^"ij^ ^^ '^ >n ^^ ^^ ^^ 



42 



• HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



i 



X 



o 

> 



o 



H 
<1 
P^ 
P 
H 
<1 

02 

O 

w 

W 
I— I 

H 

p:? 

fin 
O 
P^ 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


N(NOOC005"<!l<OiOiHCO(Nt>.C005rt<QOi-Ht>.(NOOrtHO»0»HbN.cO 
OO0505Q00000l:^J>ir»C0»OiOTHTt<^C0C0C<l(NTH,-l,-lOO0sdi 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


000<:POOOO'*OCqcO(NOOOOO(MOcO(MiO(NOcO'<^COOO(M 
ot^iocoi-icjocoTticooit^-ioc^iooocoeoT-ioit^ioc^oooco^i-i 

005050i03CX)OOOOOOt^t^t^t^l>COcOcOCD»OiOiOiLO»OTj<Tt^Tfi-rtl 
i-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


00500r-icOOThiTt<C<JC<lcqi:^(N<M(M(MCOTtHiOcOOOCiO(MTt<COOO 
O'-lC0»O'O05O(MC0TtiiX)<©00OC0'*iOC01>0005O(Ne0"^iOiO 


iO"^CO(Ni-<000500l>.CO»OTtiTj<eO(Mi-i00300t^l>-CDiO'<*'CO(N 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


O'-l(Nrt<'<:t<K3cDCD0000000000000000t^<:0u:)'^(Mi-iO00C0-«^(M 
(NCO'<^iOCDl>00050i-l(MCO'*iOCOt^00050i-<C<lCOTtH"<^iO<£)t> 

05 05 as C5 oi C5 05 aJ O O O O O O O O O O rH T-^ 1-H ,4 tH rH i-J ,-1 ,-1 


Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


'*T-ll>.TjH01r^COOCD(N05iOi-100'<^01^COOiiOi-lt^rt<OCOC<IOO 
'^TtiCOCOCO<N(N(Mi-iT-i0000505Ci00001:^t^t^(£>CO(©iO»OTt< 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


co^r^05THcoi:ot^O(McocooiOC<j^cooooThii>.050eo«ooocj5 

c^(^^(^^(^^c^c<^c^c^c^c^(N(^^(N(N<N(^^(N(^^(^J<N(^^(^^(N(N<^^(N(N 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


OOtH(MOQOOOO 

0(NTt^cOGOO(MTHt^CiTHirocOOOTHTtH<:005(M-^l>0(MCD05<NiO 

GOOOC»OOCX)Ci05a>C50iC)000'-ii-Hi--i'-H(N(NC<ICOCOCOCOT^Tti 

OOOOOOOOOOi-HT-HT--J,-HT-H,-H,-HT-HT-<rH,-Hr-|i-HTHrHrH,-l 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


O(MrHG0(Mc0(M00'*(M CO'«^Tt^OOOO(M'^cOOr^^OO^-(lOO 
iOrHOOiOCOOOOiOCO'-i05CO'*(MOOOcOnH(N0001>iOCO{N005 


cq(Mi-HTH,-H,-iOOOOCi05G5050iOOOOOOOOOOI>l>l>l>l>i>CO 


Total 
Heat. 
Above 
32° F. 


(^^l005r4co<:oo5(^^looOl-^c^^looo(^qTt^t^C5(^^Tt^cDoo^-^cocoooo5 


^^^^^^(X)OOooooo505050000r-lrHT-l,--^(^q(^^(^l(^^cocococoeo 


-*3 . 

CI 43 


(N'OOOOCOcOOSOq-^CDOlOCOCO C^-^CDOO (N-^CDOO (NCO 
TjHCOC^OqTH0050iOOt^cOO>-0'<*TjHCOC<lT--iOOOi001>-.i:DCDiOThi 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 




^'CD'd^(^0(^t)(^<^l-HOool^colo-^co(^^rHOC50ot^cDlOrt^co<^^r-^o 
Tt^Tl^Tl^Tt^r^TtlT^^rt^co(^^o:)(^:)co'>0(^o<^ococ^c<^c^(^^(^^(^^<^^(^^(N(N 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


N.C0CS»Ot-I00tJHO1>-C0O1>"^O00»OC<)OQ0c0"^C0C<1t-IO 05 


<:Ot>.|>00050iOi-Hi-l(MC0C0'*iOi0Ot^00000iOTH(MC0Tt<iO»O 

tHi-Hi— li— (rHi-lTHi-lrHTHT-lT-HTHT-IC^C<lC<l(N(NC<lC<l 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


"* CO(M00iOr-tt^TH l>Ttii-Hl>.iO(M05I>>OC0i-l Oi CO t> t^ to 
T-H C^ (N CO M r}H u:) u^ CD r^ b-' 00 05 oi O ^' rH (^q W T^^ lO CO O b» 00 Oi o 

c^c^(^^(^^(N(N(Nc<^c^(^^c<^c^c^c<^(X)cccocococococococococoTt^ 


Scale, 
Temp. 
. °F. 


CO(Mi-IOOi001>COWO-<*COC<JiHOrH(MCO'^OCDt>OOC»OTH(NCO 

T— ItHt-Ht— ( tHi— li—lrH 

1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


,„• ft • 

<J^o 


!^00CiOT-i(MC0Tj<iOcOI^00OiOi-iC<>C0rHiOcOb'00<5P'-HC<IC0 
Tt<Ttir*<lO»OiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOCOCOCOCOCOCOcOCOCOcOb-t>-t>-t>. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



43 



^ 






Hi 
X 



C 

Ah 



O 



Q 

m 
O 

CQ 

H 
P5 

O 

A4 



Entropy 

of 

Vapor. 


GOooQOt-.t-.cocoiooiOTtH^Mcococ^cqiiHi5^oo^SSwoo 
.....'"I'^. .'~I'~I'~I'~!'~!'~I'-I'-^. '-;'-|'-^'-;'-;^ooooo- 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


CO CO CO 00 CO £3 (M (N (M rH ,-H ^ rH r-l O O O O O O O O ^ r2 S ^^ 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Internal 

Latent 
Heat. 






External 
Latent 
Heat. 


OOGOOiOr-ir-icqcOCO->^iO«DC01>000005050T-irHCSCqcO^-^iO 


,-^^rH(^^(^q(^^(^q(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(N(^^cocococococococoeo 


Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


Tt^ocO(^^oo•^Ol:OrH^>.coo5lOOcO(^^oocoo:>looo(^^^^coooT}^ 

Tfir)HCOCO(NC^C^i-lr-l00050i05C0001>l>CO'X>CO»OiO'*TtiCOCO 




Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


(N»O00OC0>Ol>.C5C0i000OC0c00ii-iC0c000C<Ji01:^OC0c00i(M 
t'-t^t^OOCOGOOOCXDOiOiOiOOOOi— li— ii—li— ((MC^C^lCOCOCOCOTtH 

c^c^c^(^^(^^cq(^^c^c^lc<^(^^(^lc<^(^^(^q(N(^^c<^c<^c^(^^(^l(^^<^^(^^(^^(^^ 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


00(MiOa)(McDCiC0J>.O'^00(Ni00iC0I>.rHi005C01>.(NC0(M<:0i-i 
Tt^iOiOiOcOOcOt^t^OOOOOOOiOiOJOOi-ii-ii-itNC^jCOeOTtiTfiiO 

THrHT-HTHrHrHi-HTHT-HT-HrHT-HrHrH,-HC^CqCqC^C<J(rqCQC<JCqC^C^C^ 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


»oolO(^^oO'*ooO':OTt^co(^^(M(^^(^^cocoT^^cd^-oooT-^cort^<:Doo 

t^c0'*C0'-iO05t^cO»O'^C0(Mi-iO05001>c0iO'rt^TtiC0(MT-iO05 


OCOOCOCOCOiO»Oi0^iOiO»0»J^»Ort<Tj<-^-^-<tlriH-«^Tt<"<*"^Tj<cO 


Total 

Heat 

Above 

32° F. 


^^ "x!' ^^ ^^ ^'sP Vj^ "^7" ^7^ 'Vj' Vj' vp ^^ vj ■ ^'^ Tji ^^ ^^ ^7^ xj ' '^ ' ^^1 xj ' ^vj' "^T" ^' ^7" ^^ 


<D 03 


»O':O00C5r-((M'^CO00 i-HC0iOcO00O5 i-HC^JCO-^iOCDCOcOCOCD 

C0(NT-iOOCi00t^C0O>O"r}HC0<Mi— lOOOiOOb-cDiO-^COCQi-iO 
COCOcOcOCOiOiOiOiOiOtOiOiOuOiOiOtO'^-'ti-^'rJHTt^rt^-rt^TttTtirJi 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 




05001>.COLO'*CO(Ni-ia3001>-<D»0"^CO<NTHOOTH<M-<!tiiO<OI>-00 

1— li— li— (i— (i— li— (i— 1,-Hr-l 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ++ + 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


CSi0i0i05C505OOOiHC<IC0'^«000TH'*<:0O5(NiOOiC0l>i-HCO»-i 


<:Ot>.OOOiOi-iCO'=tiiLOcOt^00050rH(^0'^iOi:OOOC50<MCOiOCOOO 
(M(N(M(MCCeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^'<^TtiTjH-*^'<;J(Tt<iO»OiOiOiO»0 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


COcOCOcOCOcDI>t>.t>.C0C5 i-ieOiOOO»-<CO<©Oi(NCOOT}<OOCOoO 


'-H(NC0Tt<iOCOI~^00O5O'-H00"rt^iOCOt^CiOr-HC^rtiiOt^00CT)»-HC^ 


Scale, 
Temp. 


rhiiOCOI>.C0050i-iC<JCOTt<iOCDt>.00050i-<(MCOTfiiOcOb-OOOiO 
rHi-tr-HTHi-lTH(N<M(N(N(M(M(N(N(N(MCOCCCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-^ 


Abs. 

Temp. 

"F. 


rtHiO<:OI>»OOOiO'-i(NCO'*iOcOt^00050'-iC<JCO'^iOcOt^00050 



44 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



1 
I 

6 



X 



o 



O 






O 

QQ 
W 

H 

W 
Ph 

o 

p^ 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


OOTHOcO(NOOrJHO»0(NOOC005iOi-Ht^C005iOi-IOOTj<OCOC<IOOTiH 

t>-t^t^<X>COlOlOiOTtHTtHCOCO(N(N(NrH,-4000050050000t--^ 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO05050i050i0505 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


OO<M^tJHC0000000OI>(N(M(NC0(N00OOtHtJHi0<;000cD00O 
O(M'^C000OC^"^C00iOC0»OJ>a>T-(C0CC)00O(MTt<C000OC^»O 

oooooooooooooooooooooSooooo 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


"^OSOSOSTtiOSVOOcOfMOiCOC^OScOCOOt^iOfNiOOOOOCOt^i-H 

05CX)OOC<)001>l>t^CO<;0^»0»0'<*lTt^T^Tt<OOCOWC^<t-lrHT=Io050 




External 
Latent 
Heat. 


COi-HCOT-IO'r-4iOO'*OOrHrhiOOi-l'rfl|>.OCO»0000<NTtiiOt^OO<r'5 

iococoi>i>ooooa50505000i-iT-iT-iG\iC^i(N(Mcococococoeoco 


Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


05iOOCOi-HN.cqoOCOOir}HO^O»00»OOiOOiOOiLOCJCD»-<CD 
(M(M(Mr-lrHOO0i05G00000l>l><r)Oi0i0'*'<^C0C0(MC^i-i,-lO 


OSOSOiqsOiOSOiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


-*00rH'<e<l:^05Cq'«i<l>OTt<l>OC0c0OTt<t^Ort<h,Ort<00rH-r^l00 
TH'^»0»OiOiO':OOc01>l>.l>00000005C3i05000i-iT-iTH(N(Me<l 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


lOcOcOt^t^OOCOCiOiOOi— ii— i(Ne0C0-<*>Oi0cDc01:^CC00OiO'— 1 

c<l(^^c^c^c^<^^c^c^^<^lcocococococococococococococococort^"^ 




Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


T-<Tt<l:^O-*l>.^'*00(NC0T-HiLO00f01>T-tC0Ol>.(Nl>-C000C0a>Tji 
Oi001>>I>0»0»0'st<COCOC^<Mi-iOOC5050000t>t>.COCO«OiOTjH-^ 


l^oeococooococo(^^(^ococo(^0(^^M(^^c<l(^^(^^(^^(N<^^(^^c<^(N(N(^ 


Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 


00000i0i0505050i0i05OOOOOOOOOrHrH,-l,-lTHi-ii-(,-( 




lOiOiOCOCDcOcOfCOCOCOCOCOCOcOOCOCOCDCOiO^iOTfl'^COeO 


0500l^cO«5TtHCOC<lT-(005001:^COiO'*CO(Ni-H00500t^cO»0'*eo 

|^:)(^Deol^^cocococococo(Nc^c^(^^<^^(^l<^^<^^(^^(^^rHT--ll-lr-l,-^T-l—^ 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 




050i-HClCOTtliOI>OOCiOTH(NCOiOcDb-00050i-lCSICO-^»Ot^CO 
,-^,-^I-^r^l-^T-^l-^^-(l-^(^^c^C^(^^C^C^lC^(^l(^^cocococoC0COC0C0• 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


^0005>ON05«3CO 00CDr}<COC<l(MiHTHr-iTHO500000000OiTH 


05TH(NOO»01>.GOOC<lrlli01>.Oii-iCOiON.CiTHCOTtli:0000<N"rtit^ 
iOOCO<Ci';C><:OCC>l>-l>J>l>-l>-t>-OOOOOOOOOOOia)05050iOOOO 

i-H r-l 1— 1 T-H 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


C<ll><M<£)(M0i';0(MOt>-»0C0T-« O5Oi00000000CO>O»OiO^CD00 


"^lOt^OOOT-icO'ON.OOOCqrHCDt^Oir-ieOiOt^OiT-iCOiOt^OS'-i 
l>.I>l>.i>.0000G0000000050505050i05OOOOOi-HT-irHT-4TH(N 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


TH(NC0'^i0OI>000iOTH(NC0rJ4iOC0l>.000>Oi-<C<lC0'^i0C0t^ 


Abs. 

Temp. 

°F. 


OOOOOOOOOrH,-HrHrHTHi-Hi-Hi-H,-Hr-ICl(N(N(N(N(N<NC2 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



45 



P5 
O 

> 



O 



Q 

H 
< 

H 
O 

(—1 

H 
O 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


OI>eOOiWDi-IOOTHOCOC<100iLOTHt>.COOcOC<10SiOi-Hts.WOCDC<l 
t^COCOiOiOiO'<:J<'*'*COCO(N(M(NT-lT-l,-lOOOi050iOOOOOOt^b- 
0505050505010505050505 O5C5O^O5OSOSO5O5000000Q00000G000 




Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


O(M05<N(N(M(NCCC0TtHc0CC)C0C000OO(N(NrtHT}iC0l>00000000 

i>050coiot>05i-icoiot>.05i-(co»oooo(NTricooooc<'^coooo 

t>J>.OOOOOOOOCXD05050505050000i-ii-ii-ii-iT-i(MC<l(NC<ICSCO 
OOOOOOOOOOOOr-lTHrHr-lrHTHr-tr-lrHT-Hr-li-lTHi-lT-4 


Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


OTt<GOC01r^(M':OCOcOi:Ol^l>.0005050i-i(M'^i01:^000(N"<^oC30 
001>-OCO^»0-^CO(NT-i005QOCDTt<CO(M0051>.cOTt<rticqOOOcO 


l>0>0'*CO(M'-i005001>iOThiCO(MT-l0051>.COiO'>!^eO(Ni-l0500 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


O'-^C^C^C0CCT}HTtH-<*i-^c0C0(NTH,--(O0500cDiOC0(NO00c0T*<C<| 




Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


TH(:0i-Hi:0i-(C0(Nt^(Nb-(Nl>'(Nt>-(Mc0i-iiOO^OTt<05C000C<ll> 
0050500001>l>COCC>iLOiO'*TlHcOCO(M(Mi-iT-i00050000t^l>CO 


00l>-I>»t>-t-l>Wl>l>"l>-N'l>t>l>l:^t>-l:^l>-l>>t^t^cOcOcOcOcOcO 


Sp. Vol. 

of Liquid, 

Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


r-<iO00<MiO05(MTiH00r-liO00(Mi0O5C000OiOO5C0cOO»O05Tt<t^ 
COCOCOTt<'<tiTti»0»OtocDcOcDl:^t^l:^000005050500^'-ii-i(N(M 

(^^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^c^(^^(Nc^c^c<^(^qc^(^^(^^c^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(N 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


l>.cO(^^ooo^eoc<^^-loo^<.lOxor}^(NT-l005oooooloco^lOl:^^^ 

i-l(MC0Tj<Ti<-iOCOt^000005OTH(MC0THiOX0CO0000O5OT-4Cqe0rt< 




Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


Oi0i-I1>.C0OC0(M00i0t-I00'^t-<00i0(N05c0(NO00iO{NOI>'^ 
Tt^COCOC^(NCqT-li-(000050505000000t>-l>l>l>COCOCOCOiOiO 

(N (N (M* C<i (N* <N <M* (M* (N (N (M' tH tH tH tH tH r-I r-I t-I tH tH t-^ ,-i tH rH tH tH 


Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 




-*3 . 

CI C3 


(NtHi-IO 050500t>.i:OlOTt<COT-i051>0'^COT-l 001>"3C0r-4O5 

(N tH O 05* 00 CO »0 ^' (^5 (N tH O 05' 00 O* »0 T}^ CO C<i 1-4 O 00 b-^ CD ^ Tt< (N 

i-It-It-1OOOOOOOOO050505050505050505000000000000 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 




050T-iC<lCO"<*ii01>.00050rH(MOO'^»OC000050T-i(MCOiOCDl>.00 
C0'^-^'*'<*'Tt<'<#riiTl<TiHiovO^^iOiO>OiOiOcC)CDC0c0c0CC)C0c0 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


C^rfit>.rHi005COOOeOOOrhiOi005COCOTHTHXO"3rfiCOeOi-HTHCOO 


05i-lPOCOOOOeOiOOOOOOcDOOOeOc005(N'«*!:^OeOc005(NiOOO 
OTHT-HrHT-HC^C^(N(NCOCOCOCOTt*rHTtiT:t<iOiOiOCOcC>COCOt^b--l> 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


O5,-lrt<00(NCO »0 iOi-ll><NCOCOOOOOO(N<Nr-l °9°^ '^. 

cocooooeouoooocoioo6ocoiooOi-HcocD05(N»ocOi-icocooeo 

(N<N(NCOCOCOCOrt<Tj<-<^Tt<ioiO>OiOcOcOcOcDl>.l:^l^0000000505 


Scale, 
Temp. 

°F. 


0005OTH(Me0r}HiOCDI>.00O5OT-4(MC0THiOcDI>0005O^23C0:3J 
CO CO''l> t>.t>.t>.t>.t>t>.|>t^l>00000000000000000000O5O5O5O5O> 


..; a . 


00050TH(NCOTj<iOcOt^C0050TH(NCOTj<iOcOI^00050'-t(MCC»'* 
C<l(NMCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCOCOrt<rJHr*Hrt<'«!*lrtHTtHTt<rtH"^iOiOiOiOiO 



46 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



't3 

I 

o 



X 



O 



o 



Q 
H 

P 
H 
<1 

02 

(^ 

O 

cc 
W 

P^ 

O 
Ph 









k. <U 03 



03 +3 . 



-I? 3 fl ^ 
Q ft 






ft'- 



02 



30 



-I-; O fj 3 



(X)-^01>C005CO(MOOCOTHl>COOcO(N05»Oi-<OOrt<THt>.T}iO?OC<l 

cC'00»oio-^'*'^coeoeo(N(NC^T-i,-HOOoo50505ooooooi>-t>. 

OOOOCX)GOOOOOGOC30CXDOOGOOOGOOOOOOOOO(X)C01>.l>l>l>t>.|>l>.l> 



(MTtHCDOii— iCOiOt^OiT-ICOiOt^ClrHCOiOt^Oii-lCOiOt^Oii— ICOIO 



oco»ocorHeocoo5(M>ooocOTt<i>.o-^GOTH>oo5coc?7— iu:)OTt<o 

C<1C?(M(MC<IC^C^'— t'— iT-(T-ti— It— It— ii— lOOOOOOOOOiOOiOi 



Ot^>0(N05b»'^T-iOOiOC^05COCOOCO(MasiOT-lt^C005iOOcOi-t 
(MrHTHT-i000005C5CiOOQ000001>-t^cOOcOiOiOTtiTti-^COCO 



T-i»OO'*0>C0I:^C<l<£>O'^0SC0N«C<l«0O-«*'05C0r^i-liO0iC0l>.i-i 

OlOiOTt^l^:lco(^^(^^1-ll-^ooiOoooo^>.l>o»OK3Tt^Tl^co(^^(^^r-lr-l 
McOl^3col^5cocococococol^ococococococO(^ococooocococococo 



(MiOOiCOt^COcOT-iiOO^iiJiCOt'-T-tcDiMCOOiOCsrHoOCOOiCOOO 

l^:)cocoTJ^THlOlOcocol:^^^^^ooQOOi0500l-l'-lr-l(^^(^^coco•rt^'T^^ 
t^t^i^l:^l:>-l>l:^t>l>i>l^i:^l>l>l>r^cooocooooooOGOoooOGOoo 
c^c<^c<^(N(^q(^lc^c^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^(^^c^c^(^^(^^<^l(^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^ 

000000000000000000000000000 



G0G0OTHT-lTtHTt<i0C0000iTHTtHcDOC0t>-<MC0i0Ol>.C0C0N.OiO 

lOtrJcioosoT-iccjcoTfiiocociociOc^co'^cDt^oooi-iC'i'^iot^co 

CDcOCOOt^I>l>.l>.|>t^l>.l>.l>QOOOOOOOOOOOOOCi0505C505Cia) 



; h (D 



■^ 53^i g 









^^^ 

m SOfJ o3 



<NCT>)t^Tt<(MO00cDT}<(MO00i:O-^(NO00C0'^C0i-<O5Q0CD'*C0t-l 
lOTH-^TJHTtlr^lCOCOCOCOCOtNC^JClC^C^r-li-li-lr-lrHOOOOOO 



TjH(rOCOTHOOOt^t^l>'^'^CO(M(MTH0500<:O^CO(M0500^'rffOOi 

i-lT-ii-li-ii-iOOOOOOOOOOOiCi050iC30JOOOOOOC0001^ 
lO'0»0>OiOOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiO'^-^'^-^Tt*rtHTtiTt<Tt<->*'*TH 



t^lOCOiHCXJiOCOr-tOiCO-^rHOOCOCO l>"<*li-<00»OrH00'* 



CO CO 



r-i005COCOiO'*COT-tOOiOOOiO'rHCOT-iOC!51>.O^CO(NTHOioO 

^^ "^1 "^^ ^Ji ^*t^ ^7* ^^ ^T^ ^P ^^ ^^ ^^ ^T' ^r ^T* ^T" ^T* ^^J* ^^ "^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^M^ ^t^ ^^ 



t>.00OO(MC0'^<:00000O(Nrt<O000irH(NTt<iOl>00OTHC0TH<:0 

03 O <M CO -^ 10 co'lr^ 0005i-i(MCO"rt<K50C»050-rH(M'cOiOCOt^OOa> 
COt^l>t>l>.t>l>.t>-l>.l>COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOiOi02C505050i050? 



COCOt>-O5CO00CO00CO00CO00COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO00COCOCOCO 

1-1 rji b>i O 'Tti N.' O* Co" b^ o" TjH t>i 1-1 T^' 06 C<J CD O '** 00 (M* CO O lO oi Co' l>^ 
OOOOOOOiOi05000r-i,-iTHC^(M(MCOeO-rf<'^'^iOiLOcOCOCOt^t^ 
THT-iT-iTHrHi-iC<>C^C^C^C^C^(NC^C^(NC<lC^Cq(NC^(N(N(N(N(N(N 



v 



a <o 



C-d-S^ 



3 fl 



c?^ 



Sgcc 



"* CD 



JO 



10 



»o 10 



10 



C0C5(N»OaiC<J»O00(MiOOi(NC00iC0N.-rH>O0SC0I^r-liOOrt<00(M 
Oi05000i-ii-lT-lC^(M(MCOCOCO'*-rt<iOiOiOCOCON.I~^OOOOG005 

'-^TH(^^c^(^^(N(N(^^c^c^(^l(Nc<^c^c<^(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^l<^l<N(^^ 






<^0 



iOcDl>-OOOiOr-iCqcOTtiiOCDN.OOOiOrHC<ieOThiiOcDlr^OOOOT-( 

0505a5C5a5OOOOOOOOOOi-<rH,-(i-lTHr-(i-li-li-lT-l(M(N 



»OcOI>.OOOiOTH(NeO-^»OcOI>-000>Oi-l(MCOT)<iOcOt>-COOiOi-i 
iOiOiOiO>OCDCOCOcDCOCOcOCOCOCOt-l>l>.l>t>-l^l^I>-l>-t^0000 
I0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0"0i0i0^^^»0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0^i0 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



47 



c 

< 
> 



15 

o 



Q 

< 

P 
H 

Pm 
O 

H 

P^ 

Ph 

O 

P^ 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


05»0.-HOOrt<OOe005COC<JOOiOFHOOTt<i-<N.COOb*eOOCOC005»0 

COCOCO»0^lO'<^TtHCOCOCOC^C<lC^r-lr-H,-H000050>050000t-.b- 




Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


00000i0505C505OOOOO'-Hi— ir-ir-ii— i(N(NCl(NCNeOCOCOC0CO 

T-^.-^r^THlHl-^l-^c<^c^<NC^c^c^c^c^(^l(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^(^l(^^(^^ 


Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


TjH05cocoT}H05u:)OiOcor^'^oi:^coooo»0(M»ot^05t^oeocoio 

t^-COi-tOOOC^OcDCOOt^Tt^CqOOiOC^OlcOCOOJiO^-it^THOcDC^J 


Oi0505oooooooooooooooot^b-t^i>t^r^i>.i>.ococDcocococoio 
l^ocO(^^cO(^3eoMcocow(^5coeoco(^5(^0(^:)(^ocococO(^^(^^M(^:>c^ 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


cDi-Hl>.cqcOT-iiOOK005COOOeOt^OC1iOOOOCOCOOOOC<lTt<iO 
(N<NT-lTH0005Ci001>.l>.OCOiO'^'^CO(M'-ii-i0050000I>.OiO 

(^o CO M CO CO (>o (N (N c^' (^^ (N c^' (N (N (N (N (m' (N (m' (m (N i-t th ,-1 t-h r-i rH 


Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


iOOiCOI^i-ixoa>COI:^0"^00(M»005(NcOO'^OOC<>iOCftCOCOOCO 

oc5a5ooooi>»coco>oiO'*coco<Ni-ii-<ooc5ooooi>cocoioiO'<*t 




Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


C01>.f01>.COt^T-il>COOOC<J05"*a5iOr-iOOi-iiO(Mt^(NOOrtHOiO(M 
lOiOcOcOt^lr^oOOOOsOiOOT-i^-ioqcOCO'^TtiiOiOcOcOt^oooOOi 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi050iOl050505050iOi05CJ0505050iO> 

(Nc^c^(^^c^c<l(^^(NCQc^(^^c<^(NC^<^l(^^(^^<^^(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(^^(^^ 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 

Vapor, 

Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


T-HC<1r:t<C01:^0005C^COi01>a)OCOTl<OOOOT-ICOiOt^05i-HCOiO 
OOOOOOOO'-ir-irH,-i,-<(M0qC<jC^C^C0e0C0C0C0C0'^Tt<Tj< 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


OiOOiOOOOO VO lOiO 
0051>.<:D'^CO(Mi-iC5001>'tOTt<CO'-iOa500N.OiO'^CO(NT-< 05 

oo5ai05a50505Giooooooooooooooooi>t>-i>.t^i:^t^i>.i>t>.i>cc) 


tH 


Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 


OOiOCO(Mi-ia)OOiOT}HTHa>l>CD'^TH001>iLOCOOOOiO(NrHl>cOCO 


r^^^^^^>.^^C0C0cOc0';0lOlO»Ot0^rt^rJ^rHTt^■^C0C0C0C0(N(N(^^ 

^^ ^^J' ^^ "M* ^^ x] ' "Sj' vj^ vjt xj' "'^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ "vP ■SJ* xj' ^^ ^n ^^^ XJi TJ' ^J^ ^^ T^ ^^ ^5^ 


+5 , 


':0C0Ot^C0O»O(M00»Oi-l00"^O<:OC0Oi>OOc0T-l(r)(MI>C000 


l>iO'*C0i-iOO5r^cOTtiC0(MOCi00cO»OC0(MT-HOi00C0iOC0(MO 
TjHTt<TtlrJH-.^Tt^COCOCOCOCOCOCO-(M<M(MC<J(N(N(MT-lT-lT-HrHT-(,-lr-l 

^^ Vj* ^^ ^sj' ^s|* vp ^J1 ''sj^ ^«Ji TJ1 VJ* %p ^^ vj' '^J' '^' vp ^sP ^J' 'VJ' ^T* T^i ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^T* 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


OT-^cOrJ^lOcO^-*ClOl--l(^^co'Tt^c0^^00050l-lCO■rt^lOcO^^OiO^-^ 
OOOOOOOOT-HT-ir-i^,-i,-irH^,-i(M(Mcq(Mcq(M(M(NCOCO 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


COCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


i-i'*00(Mt'.THioOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOrHCOr-(r^(Ml^COOS 
GOOOOOO:i0500r-<i-H(M(MCOCO^'*»OiOCDCOl^l>0000050500 
(M(M(M(M(MC0C0C0P0COCOC0C0C0COCOCOC0C0COCOCOC0C0CO'^'^ 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


CD05C01^(McOOiOO»OOiOO»OQ»OOK3dcOi-<cD(MN.(NOOrt4 
0>0500'^rH(N(NCOCO'*'*iOioScOt^l^0000050500'-iT-i(N 
(M(MCOC0C0COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCO'^'^Tt<"^Tl< 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


C<ICOTjHiOCOr^00050i-«C<lCOTHVOCOJ^OOC50r-l(MCOTt<iO«Ot^OO 
(N(M(M(N(N(NC^(NCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCOCOTt<rt<TjlTj<Tj<Tt<-<:JHrJ<Tt4 


Abs. 

Temp. 

°F. 


(MCO-<^iOcOI^00050T-(CqcOrt<iO<:Dl>00050i-i(NCOTHiOcOI^OO 
0000000000000000050505Ci0i0i05050305OOOOOOOOO 



48 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



.1 






O 



o 



Q 
H 
P4 
H 

o 

a 

H 
P5 

O 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


(MOO»OTHOOrt<i-(00"^OI>COOCOC005COC<IOO«5THt^rJ40COCOO> 
t^cOcOcOiOiOiOrt^-^TjicOcOCOC^C^i-irMi-iOOOOiOSOSOOOOt^ 




Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


(N(NOOOT-<OOiOiOOOOOOOOOOCON.COCOrt<Tt<(MOOOOOOOO 
i-hC001:^05i-iCO'^COOOO(M^CDOOO(M'*COOOO(N'^C00005t-h 
TtHTti-rhiTtHTtH»Oto»O»OiOCDcOcDi:DCDl>.t>.I:^l>t>.000000000000O5 

c^(^^(^^c<lC^(^^c^c^(NC^^c^(NC<^c<l(^^c<^c^c^(N(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^<N(^^ 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


Tt<(Nr-(000000000'-l(MTt<iOI>.000(MTt<COOOO(MiOOO 
OO^Ot>C005'^OCOT-iiOT-il>.C<|(£)i-iiOO»00'<*iOO(NI>i-i»005 


l>0»OeO(NOOOOcO^CO(M005I>.COTt<eOTHOOOcOiOCO<MOOO 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


c000050000000000iOOCOiOeOC<JOOOcOT}i(NOOOiO(M 
'^COC^(MT-iOGiOOt^cOO'*(M,-iOCiOOI>COTttCOC^r-i0001>0 

i-ii-iT-HT-ii-ii-i00000000005050iOOia>050S05o6o6o6 


Density of 
Liquid, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


l>-OC01:^OC0t>'OC0c005(Mi000OC0cD00r-lTt<t^O(M^b-OC0 

(^5co(^^rHr-^oo50icol>co<:oiOTi^Ttlco(^^rHl--^oo5Cioo^-coco»o 

CO CO CO CO CO CO (N C<i (N (N (N (N* (M* C<J (N <N <m' (M* (M* (n' rH rH r-I rH 1-H ,-H ,-1 

cococococococococococococococococococococococococococo 


Sp. Vol. 

of Liquid, 

Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


00C0OcOT-l00'^a>C0C0C0i0C<lOc0'*OOiiO(N0ii0C00i!^iOTH 
050i-HT-l(N(MCOCO'=*^»0»OCOt^OOOOOiOOrH(M(MCO"rtH">*iOOI> 
05000000000000000i-<T-Hi— ii-Ht-Hi— ii— (tHt-Ht-Ii-i 
(MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


•rt"-^>o>oioioco(:ocococoi>i>i>r>oooooooia50505000i-ii-i 

lr^THl-lT-^THTHTHl-^^-^lHlr^THTHr^lHrH,H,-^,HT-^TH,-^(^ic^(^^^ 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


THC<lTt<C000OTt<000000OOC<J(M'^O00(M"^00C<IC0O 

oor^':DiO'^co(Mi-H0005oor^o<:oiO'^co(Ni-ioocsiooooi>.i> 




Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 




(Ni-ir-iT-li-lOOOOiOiOOOOOOGOt>-t^COi:Di:DiOiLOTtirtiCOCO(M(N 
TttTti'^-^rJHTti'^THCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


43 . 


C000C005'*0iC000C01>O^O'^I>THTj<00THlOC0THrlHl>OC0<:0 


05r^c0'Tt<C0T-iO00Jr^iOrt<C<lT-(0ilr^c0-^(Mi-(0it^c0Tt<C<l,-i0il^ 
OOOOOOOOiOi05050505000000000000t^r^l^l>-t^l>CDCO 
Tjl-^TjH^'-^rilTtlCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCQCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


000(NCOi:0000(NTt<COOi<N"^c005i--iTtic005T--<Tj<oi>000<NiO 


(MTt<iOi:Ot>-OOOi-l(NCOTj<(©N.OOOiT-l(MCO"^COl>00050(NCOTj< 
COCOCOCOCOCO'*-<^"'*'^-^TtHTtl"<^Ttl)OiO»OiOlO»OlO»Oi©COCOCO 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


cocococoeococococococococoeocoeocococococococococococo 


'TtHO^COt>.(MOO'>#OcDi-<l:^COC5iOCOOO'*T-it^Tfir-IOOiOOCS»0 
i-l(N<MC0C0Ttl-^»OC0c01>.b-.000005OOT-ICq(NC0Tt<-^iOCDCDt>. 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


05>0000(Mb-COOiOi-HCDC<ICO"<^OOOC005CO(MOiOCOOlO'rt<0 
(MC0Tt<-^iOiOc0i:Ol>.00000iO5OrHi-i(M(NC0TtH'<#)L0c0l>-l>000i 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


0iOTH(MC0rf<xO<r)t^000SO^C<ie0rt<»O«0l>000iOi-lC<IC0-^»O 

T^io>oio»oioio>oioioiococococOi:oco<:ocococot^i>-t>-i>i>i^ 


m a . 


C3iOT-H(MCOTt<»OCOl>OOOiO'-H(NCOrtHiOi:ON.OOOiOTH(NCOTf<iO 
OT-li-iT-li-li-lt-lT-lTHTHrH(N(M(N(N<N<N(N(M<N(MCOCOCOCOCOCO 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



49 



o 



X 



o 

> 



o 



p 

< 

Pm 
O 

t— ( 
H 
P5 

Pi 
O 
P^ 
Ph 



Entropy 

of 

Vapor. 


i0<N00"«!t<OI>C00i»O(M00C0O«0CQ00Tj<OC0C^00T}<OC0N 
J>-l>COCOOtOiOr^'.^^eOCOCO(N<Ni-lrHiHOOSS§WOO 


c 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


COcO«Or}<0(N0005gOOOOOOOOOQOT}1rt(T}<Tjirt<Tt<TlHr+lTt<CO 
e0>Ot^05i-iC0»Ot^00O<Nrt<CD00OC^Tt^O«)O^^SSo 

Oi0505C500000rHTHTHrHrH(M(M(MC^(MeOeOeOCOCO-5< 

(^l(^lC^(^^cococo(^^(^^W(^^cocococo(^^(^^MMcoMww 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


O'*t^OrH00(MCOi0T}<00C<IC0OiL0O'<^O5rt<00C000C00iiO 
i0t^.-i^00OC0C0C01>CX)Oi-lC0ThiOi0i:0^iO0000SSS 


1— 1,-iTHrHT— i0000005050iOi050iOOOOOOOOOOt^l>l:^l:^ 

cocococococo(^oco(^5co<^l(^l(^^(^^(N(^^c^(^^c^c^^(^^(N<^^(^^(^l. 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


O<:0C0OC0C<I00'*OC0(M00'^OiOOC0rHCD(NI>.(Mt^i-(iO 
iOCO(MT-l0500CO»0'^(NrHC5001>>0'^C<lTH0500<:0»OCO(NO 


000000001>.l>.l^t^l>-b-l>-COCDCOCDcOCDcO^iO»O»OiOiO»O 
•^1 Tji ^T* ^T^ ^p ^^ ^^ ^r "^p ^n ^^ ^^ ^7^ ^^ ^T* ^4^ *^ "'st^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ *^ ^4^ 


Density of 
Liquid 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


iOOOO(MiOr^OC<JiOb-b-(N'<^ir>OOOi-tCO"^«OI>OOOOOSO 
■^eOCO(MrHOOC500t^cDcOK3TtiCOCO(Mr-iOOiOOI>COiO»0 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


05l^i0C0O00c0rt<i-(O0iCD"^C0(NOO0i0>050iOOOO 
t^OOC550r-li-H(NCOrHxOiOCDI>.00050T-li-H(NCO-^':Dt^0005 

,-^T-^rHc^(^^(^l(^^(^^(N(^qc^(^^(N(^^(^^cocoeocoeocococoeoco 
cocO(^ocO(^:)cO(^:l(^5(^5(^oeo(^5(^5CO(^:)COcocococococoeoeoco 
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Density of 
Vapor, 
Pounds 

per Cu.ft. 


COOOO(M'^N.OCOOOO»005COtON.COt^O»OOOC<JCOO"rt<00 


cq(N(^^(^l(^l(Nc<l(Ncqc<^(^q(^^(^^(^q(^^(^^c^<N(^^(^^(N(N(^^(^l(^^ 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


'rt400TtHOC0OrtH00Oi:D00(McD(M<:0OT}HO'<^O'*OTj<OC0 
(©lOiOiOTt^-^OOfMfNT-HOOOJOOOOOl^t^COCOiOiOT^T^eO 




Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 




THr-IOO050000I>.C0iOi0T}<C0(M(Mi-<O0500l>COC0iO">*C0 




Oi-<TjHcOOOOiOOiOOOOOOOOiOOOOI>COiOTt<eOT-iO 


<©T}<(MO00CDiO(MT-(05t>.V0C0r-<O5CDrt<(NO00i:DTtH(NO00 
MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 




locoooosor-icoTtHiocoooosOrHco'rtiiocooogsoT-j^^io 

COCDcOCDt^-t^t^t^t^t^l^lr^OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOlOOiOlOi 


Pressure, 
Pounds 

per Sq.in. 
Gage. 


cooocoMMMcoMMcococococococococococoeocoeoeoco 

CO O N^ »0 rH C5 lO CO r-I 05 U:j TfH ^ 05 N.* lO rM M tH ^ ^-. t^ 

OOOi050'-i»-i(NCO'*<*<»OCOt^l^00050'-iCaC<ieO;^»OcOb- 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


a50l-l(^^(^^cO'*Tt^lOcot^t^oooiO:HJ--(c^co;^^oco^-oooo 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


i:^i>t^t>.ooooooooooooooooooooo505C505a>050500500 

r-lT-Hi-li-li-lT-Hr-li-Hi-Hi-li-li-lTHTHi-li-ti-Hi-HT-lT-Hi-li-l'-H'-'GM 




COt^OOOiOi-H(NCOTtHiOCOt>-OOOiOTH(NCO:*,^50t;-Q0 050 



50 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



1-^ 

5 



o 
> 

o 
o 



o 

p^ 
<i 
o 

P 

H 

P^ 
P 
H 
<5 

QQ 

P>^ 
O 

t— t 

p^ 

o 

p^ 

Ph 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


CO»-liOOiOO«:)0»005COi-lCOl^C005iOOr)<OTHOTHi-<COiH 
00l>»O^(NrHa500C0'*C0C^O00l>.i0TtiC0.-(O00t>iO'<^(NTH 




Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


0500(M<M051>eOcOTHl>CO<N(NiOOO>OI>OOT-HOOOrHOOCOCC 

(M(©»OOOC00500003rH05C^O<N-^(MTHT-irttcOI:^iOcDOOiOl>. 

i-iOOiOOI>.COiOtOCOCOT-(i-i00500l>'COiO'*iCO(NT-i00500l>. 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


rH(MTt<COI>»00 (N05<©00'^OCD00 l>05iOT-H|>cCir}< CO 
00'^0<0(MOO'*'-lt>-(MOOiOOcO(NOOiOO':DC^OOCOa5iOTHCO 


l>t^l>.COCO»OiO^'Tt<'<#C0C0C0(N(NrHTHT-(OOC5Oi000000t>. 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0505Ci0i050i 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


OOiOOCO"*CO(NOOO<r>rt<CqrH00500iOCOi-HOOiOO!>OiOTj4 


"^M^ ^^ ^^ ''^ ''T' '^T' ^^ ^^ ^T* ^7^ ^T" ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^r ^r ^7^ ^T^ ^^ ^^ ^t^ ^^ ^J^ '^^ ^^ 


Density 
of Vapor, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


Tt<t*t^00O0i<:0OOC0rH00THl>(N00Tt<O(MOc0l>C0t^O»O 
■*03-^0<:Oi-il>-COGOTHOiOi-icO(Mt^COOi'^0»Oi-fl>-COOCD 
<:OCOt^000005C5OOTH(MC4C0C0rt<TtiiO»O<:01>l>.000005OO 


<N (N (M (N (N CS (M coco COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO rf< "* 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


<NOOcD^THiOOOOOr-l(NcOO<NiOOiOCO(MT-iOOOOO 
00OC0C005C^C0OTti00(MC0rHl>(Mt^C000TjHOcDCq00'^OO 
|>.l>.OiO'<^-^COCO(Mi-iTHOOa)OiOOOOt^lr^I>COOiO»OiOTt« 
COC0COC0C0COC0C0COCOC0C0C0(M(M(N(N<M(N(N(N(N(N(N(M(N 




Density 
of Liquid, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


TtlC0(Ni-lOO001><DlO'<^C0C<|rHO051>C0^Tt<C0(NrHO0500 
Co' CO Co' CO CO (N* <m' (N* (N (N C<i (N Cq (N 05 r-l 1-H i--< ,-H tH ,-( rH tH rH O O 

cO<;OCOcOCO<0^<©OOcOCOcOCOcO'^COCO?OCDCOCOCOCOCOCO 


Sp. Vol. 

of Liquid 

Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


TjHOcO OOOT-HOOOTiHoq OOcOrtHCq 0500'«*<C0<MOO 
COOOOCOiOOOOCOi:OOOi-iTHt>.0(M>OOOTHTticO<35(NiLOOOi-iTri 

l>t^OOOOC000050500000rHTHrH,-l(M(N(M(NCOCOCOr^TtH 
iO»OU^^>OiO»OiO»O^COCDCOCOCOCOcOcOCOCOCOCOCDCOCOi;0 

r-ti— It— li— IrHrHr—lT— It-HtHtHi— li— IrHrHTHT-HTHrHrHT— li— ItHt— IrHrH 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 




Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 


to ^ lO^ O lOiOiO 


0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 




lO I00i0i0>0 oio »o o>oo 
?0<NOOTt<0<£><MOOTt<05iO(M<:0(NOO'^OcO(Nt>.COOOTj(0»OT-i 


(NC<lrHrHr-<OOOiOiOOOOOOl>.l>CDCOCOlOlOTt<-^COCOCO(M<N 
C<l(MC^(M(M(N(MT-l,-lT-HrHrHTHT-Hi-li-lrHrHrHrHT-HTH,-l,-lr-l,-( 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


C0(N00THOC0(N00C00iiOOC0(M00C0a)'>^O»OOOi-lt><N 


CqC^(N(MC^CNCQ(M(M(MT-li-HT-lrHrHrHrHrH,-lT-l,-lr-lT-lrH,-lr-< 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


00C0(NCSi-H05C0i-IC00iC0C0OrHC0i0 IOtH OOOt-HCOCOOO 

rt^OOCo'^>^^H^<^Co'o5TJ^cil005CO^^THlOO•^05rt^OOTt^OiTt^05Tt^ 
OOrHrH(M(MC0C0Tt<rtHi0»OC0cDI:^t^000000C3a)OO»-<'-HC^ 
C^C^C^C^(NC^(N(NC^(NC^(NC^C^(N(N(N(N(NC^(NCOC0C0C0C0 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


lO 05C000O 00 O 1>00 (Mt^(M00b»iOt^00 »0 
OiCO^'C5'l>.(^^OOCOOi■^'oT}^^>'^-^cDo'Ti^oicOOOCOOOcoOi■^05 

THC^(NC0C0-<^Tt<U:)l0C0t^l>t^000005Oi0iOOrH,-l(N(MC0C0 
(N<N(N(N(N(NC^<NC^(N(NC^(N<NC^Cq<NO1C0C0C0C0C0COC0CO 


Scale, 

Temp. 

«F. 


O05Q01>.C0i0Tt<C0C<lT-lO0S00l><©i0'^C0(NTHOi-HC^C0"*»C 

77777777777 i i i i i i i i i 




Oi-i(NC0-*>OCDt^0005OT-H(MC0Tt<i0c0t>-000JOi-HCqc0rt<iO 

XjH TJ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ '^i^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^3^ NP "^d^ NJ^ "^^ "^' xi' "M' ■^J' "M^ "vi' ^p 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



51 



c 

< 

Q 

X 
O 



g o 

I ^ 

pq ^ 
o 

Eh 
P^ 

P^ 
C 
P5 
Ph 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


<r)OiOOCOi-4N.'HCOi-Hl>THiOOiOO(MCDOrt<»005(Nc005M 

05ooco»oco(NOO>i>.coTticoi-ioa)i>iococ^ooocoioeO'-HO 

COCOCOeoeOCOCO(M(N(NCS(M<M(N'-i'-trHi-Hr-(i-iOOOOOO 

c^(^^c^c^(NCSC^(^^(^^(^^c^c^c^(NC^(N(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^^c^^ 


V 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


00 t^ CD (M Tt< Gi lO 
C01>.C0»O001>tHO CDtOCOOOCOOOi-lTt<"<^cOCO'^(MOCOi-iCO 
GOa5COl^0005C01>.a)0005»OiOcOc01>.l:^C^(N(M(M(N(NrHi-<0 
COtO'^fOC^r-i00500t^cOiOTfieO(M.-iOOiGOI>CDiO-<^COC^rH 

(N(NC^(M(NC<J(Mi-li-lTHT-(THr-li-lTHr-<i-HOOOOO. OOOO 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


(Ne00000000000CO0000C000OiT-lC0,-iC0iO(Nr}Hi-(ioa)C0l>O5 
(Mt^(Mt>COOOTt<Oi-<^05iOa)'^000'*OOC01>i-l>005TjioOC<J 


050iaiOSG505a)Oia5C5C505ai050505oooooooocx)oooooooooo 


External 
Latent 
Heat. 


eO(N<NC<IC<«(NC^(N<N(NC^C<lTHOil>'*(NOOOOTt<OcOC<IOOT}< 
rt<Ti<rJ<TtfrJiT;t<xt<rtHT^rtH'^'^TtiCOCOCOCOCO(N(NCQ(Ni--iT-iOO 


^J1 ^J1 ^^> ^^1 ^ijl Tjl tJi TJI ^sJ* ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^' ^sP ^T* ^^P ^^ ^^p ^yi TJI ^^ ^m" ^4' ^^ ^^ 


Density 
of Vapor, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


(^^a>lOT--loo■*T-^ooTtll-loo>ocoT--lOl>•'*cO'-^Oi^>.colOTJ^coco 

i-HrHC<>e0C0rtli0^i:Dl>l>00aiOOT-i(MC0'^TtHi0C0r>0005O 




Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


rtHt^i-HCOC^Ot^-^lMr-iOOOilr^^COiOcOOOOCOiOOOT-HiOOO 
(NCOiOi-HOO»OT-HOO>OC^OiCDC^05CO(rOOb-rtiC^05COeOT--(00»0 
rhiC0C0C0Cq(M(MT-(>-iT-iOOO05C5050i0000001>.I>I>I>i:DC0 

c<^c^c^^c^c^cs^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^c^^(^^^T--^r-^I-lT-lT--lT--^T-l,-lT--l1--ll--l.--l 


Density 
of Liquid, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


i-l0000t>.i:O(NO00^C0OiC0C000(NOcO(Mt^C0a)rfiu0r-liOO 
t>.iO'^CO(Mi-<0001>-cO-*CO(N00500cOiOCOC^OOil:^':0'^CO 


OOOOOOOOi05a50i0505O3000000000000001:^t^l>>t^t^ 
CO(:OcOcOcDcOcD>OiO^^»OiO'OiO>OiO»0^»0^i0^iO»0»0 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 
Pound. 


(NTt^(MC0T^00^OC0C<100Tt<'^T:HrtHT}HTtiTt<00C^C0O'^00'*O 
l>OeOc005(McOOCOI>-OTtiOOOacDO'^00(Ml:^i-icOrH»00>0 
■-*iOiO»Oi0Oc0I:^l:^l>000000Ci0iOOOrHT-icq(NC0e0-<*iTt4 
OcOOcOcOcOcDcOCOCDcOcOcOcOCDl>"l>«l>"l>«t^JS"t>l>»t^l>»l>» 

1— ti— Ii-HtHi— (i— li— ItHt— It— It— It— li— It— (rHrHTHr-lT— (T-Hi— <i-Hi— It— li— (i-H 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 


0000OiC3O5O50000000000t^l>.t>.|>t>»COiOiOTHC0C<lTH C500 


OO^OiOSC^OCiOCiC^G^OiOiC^O^OiO^C^OOOOOiGiOCi 


+3 . 

43 

►3W 


lOiO O OiO lOOO 10»0)0 1010»0>LOIOIO 
COi-(t>.(M00C0OiCOC5'<^O5-^a5'^O5C0I>T-tcO C01>.T-iiOO5C0 

T-Ii-Jo0050500G01>^t^Oi:DvOiO-^'^COCOC<JC<lT-iOOoioOOO 
T-i,-ii-iT-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOasC50S 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


10 10 10»0»0 lO lOtOiOiO 


<N(Mi-iT-iOOOOiOiOOOOI>t>cOCD»O^Tj<'<^COCOC<IC<lTHrH 

7777777 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


COOSCOCOCOtHCOCOOOCOOOCOOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOOOCOOO 


OiOT-Hl>.C0050i-il>-^01>TjHOt>'^T-HOOiO(NOil>."^i-HOOiO 

cocorj^T+iio>ocoi>'i>oooiC50THT-i(MeocoTtiioiocr)b-oooooi 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


CO oo^^^^^ loioio 

iOo'cO(MOOCOOCO(N05»0(NOOiOC<JOi«OC001>Tt<C3^cOCOO 
MCOCOWWWMCOCOCO'«t•TJ^Tt^TJ^TJ^Tt^Ti^T;^lrl^T4^T}^rt^TJ^^IOlO 


Scale, 

Temp, 
o -p 


«5t-a)Oi0^jc5W^;ocot>;0020rHg^eo^oor^oo^OjH 


^ 0. . 





52 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



•<s> 

•to 

O 

O 






o 

o 

o 



!2^ 

o 

pq 

O 
Q 

P^ 
Eh 
OQ 

o 

rji 

H-l 

H 

PL( 

O 
P^ 
Pk 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


N.THc<i"rt<»ot>.OT-tcq(Neoc<ic<ic<iTHoot^u:)eocoi-iaiN.Tt<oco 

00t>.»OC0i-HO500C0'<#(MO00C0'*(M0it>.iOC0T-(0iC0Tt<(MOt^ 
O5O5O5C5O5000000000000l>l>t>t^COi:OCOCOCOiOiOiOiOtOTt< 


Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


i>,iocooOt-hc^'>^ioo iooiThieoTHooa5t^ooococooOTj<eo 

i-HC<>C0Tt<iOCDl>.Ci00iT--i(NC0TtiiO<:Dl>CT)O'-iC<l'<^iOi:000O5 

<='SS2SS2SS:=It::!r:!!i:!:ij!=!:zl:=!Sac3<^c^c^c^c^c^ 
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 


(:OrH»OOOcOCO»CCOTt<rt<OOCOCO'rt<rt<iOi-HOOOa»OOCQiOCOi-i 
l>(N^CS<NiO05(M^00i-lC0C0O5T-l(NrtHCDl>OT-iCC»OC0l>.t>. 




External 
Latent 
Heat. 


050iOi00001>.i;OcD»0'*cO(MT-i00500i>.CO»Ort<(MT-iC5001>iO 


(^0(^^cococol^^co(^^cow(^:)cococo(^^(Nc<^(N(^^c^(N(^^l-^T-l,-^,-t 


Density 
of Vapor, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


C0(MI>Tt<e0C<l0SOOI>''^0irt<C0(MiO00O00C0(M00i-HOl>O 
C^(Mi-i^(M(M(M^'*c00005(MiOaiC^COi-iiOOcO'-iOOiO»-H05 

T-^(^^cO'*iOco^>•oooiO^H(^^"^^occ>ooo5r^(^^T}^lo^>ooo(^^co 


<£)<lO?OCO<riCOCO<©COt^l>l>l>l>l>t^l>.0000000000C»O5O5OS 


Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


eot>.cooiTt<ocO(Mi-it^(MOt>."^rHooioeoi-ioooi>.co»o»oio 

COOOOiOeOi-iOOCO'^i-ia5t^'>*i(MOI:^»OCOi-<05CDTti(MOOOCD 
i;DC0i0i0i0>O'^->*rfiTt4C0C0C0e0C0C<l(N(NC<Ji-iTH,--i»-(i--(OO 


Density 
of Liquid, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


r-l051>K5Tj<(MOOOcOTtH(N051>.0(NOOO»OCOT-<OOiO(Mail>'* 


^,cDcococoocOl0^u:)>o■^rt^Tt^Tt^T^co(^:)coco(^l(^^(^^^--ll--(TH 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 
Pound. 


OiOCNOO-^Tfi'^OO'^OC^J'^cO'^cOOcOCOOOOOOcOCDCOOO 

i>t^i>i:^i>i>i>.i>.t>ooooooooooooooooooooooooo50i05050 

,— ItHi— ItHt— It— IrHi— ii— IrHrHT— It— (1— li— li— It— li— IrHi— ItHi— ii— (t— (t-Ht—I 

oooooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 




t^b-t^lr^l^l>COcOcOcOcDiOiOiOiOTtH-^THCOCOCOC<J(M(MT-<T-H 




lOiOiOiOOO »0 lO lO OilOO OiOO 
l>T-iTf. t^OCOCOOOi-<eOiOcOOOOTHi-t(N(NCO'^^iOiOiO'^CO 


l:^l>.cO»OiOTtHcO(M(Mr-iOOiOOOOt^CD»OTiHCO(MT-i00500l:^CO 
O5OiO5O5OiO5a5OiO5C5O500000000CX)0000000000001>.|>i>t^ 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


0^0<0(Nt>COOO'<*00(MOO'>*OCO(NOOrt<OCO(M05iQ(NOO 


THi-l(M(MCOCOrt<JLO"3<001>OOOOa30iOTHrHCq(NeOTji'.:^ 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


iocoococococoo»ococoooiocooooocooeocoeocooooocooo 


CO>-i05l>.TfH(MOOOiOCOT-<OOcO"<*i(M00500cO'^<NOOOcO>0'^ 
Or-HT-l(NCOrtiiOtOC01:^OOOOClOr-lCq(MCO->*iOC01>l:^00050 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


(Ml>. t^(M iO(Mu:)iOt>- lOiOiO 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


(NC0r)H»OC01>.00OlOTH(MCC-^iOc0t^0005Oi-l(MC0rt<»OC0b' 




<NCO'rtHiOcOr:^00050T-<(NeO'^»OcDl>-00050i-iC<>CO'<^iO«Ot>» 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



53 





tf 




o 




pL. 




< 




> 




H 




Q 




H- 1 




X 




o 




l-H 


^ 


Q 


Qi 




;3 


^ 


s 


O 


^ 


PQ 


s 


Ph 


o 

o 


<t1 


1-H 


Q 


l-H 
l-H 


W 


)^ 


H 


X 


<t1 
P^ 


» 


P 


^ 


H 


n 


<; 


<j 


r/5 


H 






[i^ 




O 




CO 




W 




H- 1 




H 




« 




W 




Ph 




C 




P^ 




Ph 



Entropy 

of 
Vapor. 


1-1 U^ ,-1 00 05 tH TjH 
i-HiOO"^0005i-lCOTtHiO(:0"5rJ<C<JOOl>COOiiOa>CQCOO 

■rtHTjHTtiCOeOCO(M<MC^(Mi-ii-irH00005050i0000001:^ 






Entropy 

of 
Liquid. 


iot^THi>coco«oi>ooeot^coi> cjicoTtHoOr-ioooocO'^ 

OCOl>0-^00(McOi-ii:0'-iOOCOOcOTfiiOT-ioa)OiO'-i 
i-H(MC0>OC0l>CiO(NC0>OCD00O'-(e0'^l>a5O(NiOI:^ 
COCOCOCOCOCOfOTt<-^-^Tt<Tt(TtiiO»0»0»OiO»0(:OcbcOCO 

ooooooooooooooooooooooo 




Internal 
Latent 
Heat. 




iOC0Oc0C0O5iOi-iCOT-l<£)»-ir^00 






External 
Latent 
Heat. 


oeoo5'*05TH<£>i^oo 


ooooooco(Mi>(Mt>.i-icoo(roeo(N 
Oii>iocoi-ioocDeoi-ioococoot^ 


1— li— li— IrHOOOOO 


a)0soi05o:>oooooooot>.i>i>t>.o 


Density 
of Vapor, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


ot^ocq(MT-io5oot^ 

l^TtirJ<Tj<iOi>OiC000 


Tt^<^^oo(^^oolO(^^OioOl-^t^co 

lO00r-lTt<t^OTt<t^T-(^00C01>(M 


OSOSOiOOOOT-Hi-i 


i-lr-l(M(N(MCOCOCO-*Tt<TtHiOiOO 




Sp. Vol. 
of Vapor, 
Cu.ft. per 

Pound. 


-^(MOOOCD^C^OOO 
OOOOiOiCiCDOiOO 
1-iT-ii-iOOOOOO 


cocococococpcob-oooc^co-^co 

CD'*(MOQOcOTjH(MOOiI>iOCO'-H 
OOOOOOo01:^l>.t:^t^I>cOcOcOcDcO 

oooooooooooooo 




Density 
of Liquid, 

Pounds 
per Cu.ft. 


(MCOfNOr^t^OOCDt^ 
i-i00iOC^00iy3(M00»O 


OOiOiOOOOOOt^iOOOOOOOTlHI> 
T-iOOTt<OOCOOO'<*iCiiLOO"^OiCO 


T-I0000l0i050000 


00t^l>t^COCO>OiO'*TjHTt<CO(N(M, 

^^1 TJl ^7* ^sP ^^ ^^ ^5" ^T* ^4" ^^* ^^ ^^ ^sji TJ1 


Sp. Vol. 
of Liquid, 
Cu.ft. per 
Pound. 


O(M(MOtJH0000O(M 

looir^osoi-ica-^io 

OiOiOiOJOOOOO 

ooooooooo 


-^COOOOOOOCNfMOOOO 

oO'-ii-ii-iT-ii-icacatNCMcococo 
oooooooooooooo 


1 


Total 
Heat 
Above 
32° F. 


lO lO lO lO lO o 

COr-ICOi-ICDr-IIOO'^ 


to U3 lO IC lO ' 
CX)(NiOOOOCOCOOi(M'^cOOOOCO 


oooiOioooor^r^cDioio-^eococ^i-iooosoob-t^co 


43 

43 
<U 03 


1-iOOOcOCO <£>C005>i0i-IC0OTti00(Ni000O(MC0Tt<<£> 


>OTt<(Mi-lOOir>.COTti 


CO<N005t^iOTj<(M005r^iOCOi-l 


Heat of 
Liquid 
Above 
32° F. 


iOT-i00»OC0i-iOit>.>OC0i-iO5t>.COiOrt<"^'^rt<rtiiOCOt^ 


>OcOi:Ol:^0005050i-i 

rHr-l,-lr-li-l,-l,-l(M(M 


(MC0C0-^»OC0l>00C3OTH(NC0Tt^ 
(M<N(M(N(M(N(M(N<NCOCOC0C0CO 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Gage. 


cooococoeococooooo 


oooocooooococococooococoooco 


Tj^COCOCOCOCOCOCO'rfH 
r-(C^COTtHlOCOt^00C5 


iO»Oc0cO^C01:^lr^l>l>000i0iO 
O'-iC^C0^»Oc01>00CiO'-H(MTfi 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOSOSOi • 


Pressure, 

Pounds 

per Sq.in. 

Absolute. 


05o6oOOOOOOOOOo6o50 0i-<i-ior-l<NC<l(NC^eOrJ4T}HiO 

(NcoTfiiocot^ooosOfNco'^JOcob-ooaiO'-ic^coTfiio 


Scale, 

Temp. 

°F. 


000>O'-H(Me0'*iOC01>000iOi-H(MC0rJHiOCOt:^0005O 
i0»0<:0c0c0c0c0cC'C0c0Occ>l>t>.t>-l>l>l>l>l>t*t^00 




000iOi-H(NC0Tt<»Oc0r^00O5OT-i(MC0'^»OcDt^000iO 



54 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table 

SOLUTIONS OF 

RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, 

Upper figures are Starr values, 







0^ 

0) C3 
Q. *H 


Pounds peb Square Inch Gage 


PerC 
NH3I 
Weig] 





5 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


1 






206.3 


223.6 


234.9 


247.4 


256.2 


263.8 


270.4 


277.1 


282.8 


288.1 


292.9 


297.5 


• • • 




204 


219 


232 


242 


251 


260 


267 


274 


280 


286 


291.5 


297 


1.84 


11 


.993 


201.4 


219.3 


231.5 


243.3 


251.7 


259.4 


266.4 


272.7 


278.4 


283.7 


288.5 


293.1 


198.5 


214 


226 


236.5 


245.5 


254 


261.5 


269.5 


274.5 


281 


286.5 


292 


2 






201.1 


218.5 


230.8 


242.1 


250.9 


258.6 


265.5 


271.9 


277.6 


282.8 


287.7 


292.2 




. . . 


194 


212.5 


225 


235.5 


244.5 


253 


260.5 


267.5 


273.5 


280 


285.5 


291 


3 






195.8 


213.2 


225.5 


236.6 


245.6 


253.3 


260.2 


266.8 


272.3 


277.5 


282.4 


286.9 




. . . 


191 


206 


219 


229 


238 


246.5 


254 


261.5 


267 


274.5 


280 


285 


3.80 


12 


.986 


191.5 


208.8 


221 


232.3 


241 


248.7 


255.7 


262 


267.7 


272.9 


277.8 


282.4 


186.5 


200.5 


214 


224.5 


233 


241.5 


249.5 


256 


262.5 


269.5 


274.5 


280.5 


4 






190.5 


207.7 


220 


231.2 


240 


247.6 


254.7 


260.9 


266.7 


271.8 


276.1 


281.4 


. • • 




185 


200 


213 


223 


232 


240.5 


248 


255 


261 


268 


273.5 


279.5 


5 






185.2 


202.4 


214.6 


225.8 


234.6 


242.2 


249.3 


255.6 


261.4 


266.5 


271.4 


276.1 


• • • 


• • • 


180 


195 


207.5 


217.5 


226.5 


235 


242 


249 


255 


262.5 


268 


273.5 


5.30 


13 


.979 


183.5 


200.7 


212.8 


224.1 


232.8 


240.5 


247.5 


253.8 


259.6 


264.8 


270.2 


274.1 


178 


192.5 


206 


216 


225 


234 


240.5 


252.5 


254 


261 


266 


272 


6 






180 


197.1 


209.2 


220.5 


229.2 


237 


243.9 


250.2 


256.1 


261.2 


266.7 


271.2 


... 


. . . 


175 


189.5 


202 


212.5 


221 


229.5 


237 


248.5 


249.5 


257 


262.5 


268 


6.80 


14 


.972 


175.8 


193 


205 


216.2 


224.9 


232.6 


239.6 


246.0 


251.8 


257 


262.1 


266.7 


171 


185.5 


198.5 


208.5 


217 


225 


232.5 


239.5 


245.5 


252.5 


258 


263.5 


7 






170 


192.1 


204 


215.3 


223.9 


231.7 


238.6 


245.1 


250.8 


256.1 


261.1 


265.8 


. . . 


• • • 


170 


184.5 


197.5 


207.5 


216 


224 


231.5 


238.5 


244.5 


251.5 


257 


262.5 


8 






168.8 


187.2 


199.1 


210.3 


218.9 


226.9 


233.7 


240.1 


245.9 


251.2 


266.2 


260.8 


. • . 


' • • 


165.5 


180 


193 


203 


211.5 


219.5 


227 


233.5 


239.5 


246 


252 


257.5 


8.22 


15 


.966 


165.4 
164.5 


185.8 
179 


197.8 
191.5 


209 
202 


217.7 
210.5 


225.4 
218.5 


232.4 
226 


238.6 
232.5 


244.2 
239 


249.3 
245 


254.1 
250.5 


258.7 
256.5 









160.8 


182.5 


194.5 


205 


214.3 


222 


229 


235.2 


240.8 


245.9 


2.50.7 


255.3 




. . . 


161 


175.5 


188.5 


198.5 


207 


215 


222.5 


229 


235 


241.5 


247 


252.5 


10 


16 


.960 


156 


177.7 


189.6 


200.6 


209.2 


216.9 


223.9 


230.1 


235.5 


240.6 


245.4 


250 


156.5 


171.5 


184.5 


194.0 


203 


211 


218 


225 


230.5 


237 


242.5 


247.5 


11 






156.4 


173.2 


185.1 


196.1 


204.7 


212.4 


219.4 


225.6 


231 


236.1 


240.9 


244.5 




• • • 


152.5 


167.5 


179.5 


190 


198.5 


206.5 


213.5 


220 


226 


232.5 


237.5 


242.5 


12 






151.9 


168.9 


180.6 


191.9 


199.6 


208.3 


214.8 


221 


226.4 


231.5 


236.4 


240.0 


. . . 


. . . 


149 


163 


175.5 


185.5 


194.5 


202.5 


209.5 


216 


222 


228 


233 


238 


12.17 


17 


.953 


151 


168 


179.9 


191.0 


199.6 


207.3 


213.6 


219.6 


225.0 


230.3 


234.4 


239.0 


147.5 


162 


174.5 


184.5 


192.5 


201.5 


208.5 


215 


221 


227 


232.5 


237 


13 






147.5 


164.4 


176.4 


187.4 


196.1 


203.7 


210.1 


216.1 


221.4 


226.8 


230.8 


235.5 






144.5 


159 


171 


181.5 


190 


198 


205 


211.5 


217.5 


223.5 


228.5 


233.5 


13.88 


18 


.946 


143.7 


160.5 


172.3 


183.4 


192 


199.7 


206 


212.1 


217.6 


222.7 


227.2 


231.8 


141 


155 


167.5 


178 


186.5 


194.5 


201.5 


207.5 


214 


219.5 


224.5 


230.0 


14 






143.2 


160 


171.8 


182.9 


191.5 


199.2 


205.5 


211.6 


217.1 


222.2 


226.7 


231.3 


. . . 


... 


140.5 


154.5 


167 


177.5 


186 


193.5 


201 


207 


213.5 


219 


224 


228.5 


15 






139 


155.8 


167.6 


178.7 


187.3 


195.0 


201.3 


207.4 


212.9 


218.0 


222.5 


227.1 


• • • 


. . . 


137 


151 


163 


173.5 


182 


190 


197 


203 


209.5 


215 


220.0 


225 


16 






134.8 


151.6 


163.4 


174.5 


183.1 


190.8 


197.1 


203.2 


208.7 


213.8 


218.3 


222.9 


• • " 


• • *, 


132.5 


147 


159 


169.5 


178 


186 


192.5 


199 


205 


211 


215.5 


220.5 


16.22 


19 


.94 


133.8 


150.6 


162.3 


173.3 


181.4 


189.5 


196 


201.8 


207.1 


212.3 


217.1 


221.7 


131.5 


146 


157.5 


168.5 


177 


185 


192 


198 


204.5 


210 


215.0 


220.0 


17 






130.6 


147.4 


159.1 


170.1 


178.2 


186.3 


192.8 


198.6 


203.9 


209.1 


213.9 


218.5 


. . . 


. . . 


129 


143 


155 


165.5 


174 


182 


188 


195 


201 


207 


211.5 


216.5 


18.03 


20 


.935 


126.2 


142.9 


154.6 


165.6 


174.2 


181.9 


188.9 


195.1 


200.7 


205.7 


209.5 


214.1 


125 


139 


151 


161.5 


170 


177.5 


184.5 


191 


197 


202.5 


207.5 


212.5 


19 






122.3 


138.9 


150.7 


161.6 


170.3 


177.9 


185.0 


191.1 


196.8 


201.7 


205.6 


210.1 






121.5 


135.5 


147.5 


157.5 


166.5 


173.5 


180.5 


187 


193 


198.5 


203.0 


208.5 



XLIV 

AMMONIA IN WATER 

AND PER CENT NH3 IN SOLUTION 

lower figures are new. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



55 



Above One Standabd Atmosphere 


0. "^ 


MS 

V 83 


Per Cent 

NHjby 

Weight. 


60 


65 


70 


75 


80 


85 


90 


95 


100 


105 


110 


115 


301.9 


306.3 


310.4 


314.4 


318.2 


321.8 


325.2 


328.5 


331.7 


334.8 


337.8 


340.7 








301.5 


306 


310 


315 


318.5 


322 


325.5 


329 


307.5 


335.5 


339 


341.6 






1 


297.5 


301.8 


306 


310 


313.8 


317.4 


320.8 


324.1 


327.3 


330.4 


333.4 


336.3 








296.5 


301 


305.5 


310 


313.5 


317.5 


321 


324.5 


330.5 


331 


334 


337 


.993 


11 


1.84 


296.7 


300.9 


305.2 


309.2 


312.9 


316.6 


320 


323.2 


326.5 


329.6 


332.6 


335.4 








295.5 


300 


304.5 


309 


312.5 


316 


320 


323.5 


327 


330 


333 


336 






2 


291.4 


295.6 


300 


303.9 


307.6 


311.3 


314.7 


317.9 


321.2 


324.3 


327.3 


330.1 








289.5 


294.5 


299 


303 


307 


311 


314.5 


317.5 


320.5 


324 


327.5 


330 






3 


286.8 


291.1 


295.3 


299.3 


303.1 


306.7 


310.1 


313.4 


316.6 


319.7 


322.7 


325.6 


.986 






284.5 


290 


294 


298.5 


302 


306.5 


310 


313 


316 


320 


323 


325.6 


12 


3.80 


285.7 


290.1 


294.2 


298.3 


302.1 


305.6 


309.1 


312.4 


315.5 


318.7 


321.6 


324.5 






4 


284 


289 


293 


297.5 


301 


305.5 


309 


312 


315 


318.5 


326.5 


324.5 






280.4 


284.8 


288.9 


293 


296.3 


300.3 


303.8 


307.1 


310.2 


313.4 


316.3 


319.2 






5 


278.5 


283 


287.5 


292 


295.5 


299.5 


303 


306 


310 


313 


316.5 


319 






279.2 


283.5 


287.1 


291.7 


295.5 


299.1 


302.5 


305*. 8 


309 


312.1 


315.1 


318 


.979 


13 


5.30 


276.5 


281.5 


285.5 


290 


294 


298 


801 


304.5 


307.5 


311 


315 


317.5 


275.6 


280 


284.1 


288.2 


291.9 


295.5 


299 


302.2 


305.5 


308.5 


311.6 


314.4 






6 


273 


277.5 


281.5 


286 


290 


294 


302 


300.5 


304 


307 


310.5 


313.5 


• • ' 




271.1 


275.4 


279.6 


283.6 


287.4 


291 


294.4 


297.1 


300.9 


304 


307 


309,9 


.972 


14 


6.80 


269 


278.5 


277.5 


281.5 


285.5 


289.5 


303 


296 


300.5 


303 


306.5 


309 


270.1 


274.5 


278.6 


282.7 


286.4 


290.1 


293.5 


296.7 


300 


303 


306.1 


308.9 






7 


267.5 


277.5 


276.5 


281 


284.5 


288.5 


302 


295 


299.5 


302 


305 


308 


. . . 




265.2 


269.6 


273.7 


281.7 


281.5 


285.2 


288.6 


291.7 


295.1 


298.1 


301.2 


303.9 






8 


262 


267 


271.5 


275.5 


279.5 


283.5 


287 


290 


293 


296.5 


300 


303 


■ ■ * 




263.1 


267.4 


271.6 


275.6 


279.4 


283 


286.4 


289.7 


292.4 


296 


299 


301.9 


.966 


15 


8.22 


261 


266 


270 


274.5 


278 


282.5 


286 


289 


292 


295.5 


296.5 


301.5 


259.7 


264 


268.2 


272.2 


276 


279.6 


283 


286.3 


289.6 


292.6 


295.6 


308.6 






9 


257 


262 


266.5 


270.5 


274.5 


278 


282 


285 


282 


291.5 


294.6 


297.6 


. . . 


. . . 


254.4 


258.7 


262.9 


266.9 


270.7 


274.3 


277.7 


281 


264.2 


287.3 


230.3 


293.2 


.960 


16 


10 


252.5 


257.5 


261.5 


265.5 


269.5 


274 


277 


280 


277 


287 


290 


293 


249.9 


254.2 


258.4 


262.4 


266.2 


268.8 


273.2 


276.5 


279.7 


282.8 


285.8 


288.7 






11 


247.5 


252.5 


256.5 


260.5 


264.5 


268.5 


272.5 


275 


272 


282 


285 


288 




. . . 


245.4 


249.8 


253.9 


257.9 


261.7 


264.3 


268.7 


272 


275.2 


278.3 


281.3 


289.2 






12 


242.5 


247.6 


251.5 


256 


259.5 


264 


267.5 


270 


267 


277 


280 


283 


. . . 


. . . 


243.4 


247.7 


251.9 


255.4 


259,7 


263.3 


266.7 


270 


273.2 


276.3 


279.3 


282.2 


.963 


17 


12.17 


242 


246.5 


251 


255 


253.5 


263 


266.5 


269 


266.5 


276 


279 


282 


239.9 


244.2 


248.4 


251.8 


256.2 


259.8 


263.1 


266.5 


269.6 


272.8 


275.7 


278.6 






13 


238 


243 


247 


251 


255 


258 


263 


266 


262.5 


272.5 


275.6 


278.5 




• * • 


236.2 


240.5 


244 


248.7 


252.5 


256.1 


259.8 


262.8 


266 


269.1 


272.1 


276 


.946 


18 


13.88 


234.5 


239 


243.5 


247 


250.5 


255 


259.0 


261.5 


258 


268.5 


271.5 


274.6 


235.7 


240 


243.5 


248.2 


252 


255.6 


259 


262.3 


265.5 


268.6 


271.6 


274.6 






14 


234 


238.5 


242.5 


246.5 


250 


254.5 


258.5 


261 


257.5 


268 


271 


274 


• • • 




231.5 


235.8 


239.4 


244 


247.8 


251.4 


254.8 


258.1 


261.3 


264.4 


267.4 


270.3 






15 


229.5 


234 


238.6 


242.5 


246 


250 


254 


256.5 


260 


263.5 


266.5 


270 


■ • * 


■ " • 


227.3 


231.6 


235.1 


239.8 


243.6 


247.2 


250.6 


253.7 


257.1 


260.2 


263.2 


266.1 






16 


225 


230 


234 


237.5 


241.5 


246 


249.5 


252 


255.5 


259 


262 


265 


• • • 


• • • 


226.1 


230.4 


234.6 


238.6 


242.4 


246 


249.4 


252.7 


255.9 


259 


262 


264.9 


.94 


19 


16.22 


224.5 


229 


233.5 


237 


241 


245 


248.5 


251.5 


254.5 


258 


261 


264 


222.9 


227.2 


231.4 


235.4 


239.2 


242.8 


246.2 


249.5 


252.7 


255.8 


258.8 


261.7 






17 


221 


225.5 


230 


233 


237.5 


241.5 


245 


248 


251 


254.5 


257.6 


260.5 


• • • 


• • « 


218.5 


222.8 


227 


231 


234.8 


238.4 


241.8 


245.1 


248.3 


251.4 


254.4 


257.3 


.935 


20 


18.03 


217 


221.5 


225.5 


229.5 


233 


237.5 


241 


243.5 


247 


250 


263 


256.6 


214.6 


218.8 


223.1 


227 


230.9 


234.4 


237.9 


241.1 


244.4 


247.4 


250.5 


253.4 






19 


213 


217.5 


221.5 


225 


229 


233 


237 


239.5 


243 


246 


249 


262 







56 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table 

SOLUTIONS OF 
RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, 



Cent 
I by 
ght. 


Qpq 




Pounds peb Square Inch Gaqh 







5 


10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


19.87 


21 


.928 


119.4 


135.9 


147.6 


158.6 


167.2 


174.4 


181.5 


187.2 


192.5 


197.5 


202.3 


206.9 


118 


132 


144 


154 


163 


170.5 


177 


184 


189.5 


195.5 


200.5 


205 


20 






118.9 


135.5 


147.1 


158,2 


166.7 


174.4 


181.1 


186.7 


192.1 


197 


201.9 


206.4 


' • • 


• • • 


117.5 


131.5 


143.5 


153.5 


162.5 


170 


176.5 


183.5 


189 


195 


200 


204.5 


21 






115.2 


131.8 


143.4 


154.5 


163.0 


170.7 


177.4 


183.0 


188.4 


193.3 


198.2 


202.7 


• • • 


* • • 


114 


128 


140 


150 


158.5 


166 


173 


179.5 


185 


191 


195.5 


200 


21.75 


22 


.921 


112.9 


129.4 


141 


151.9 


160.5 


168.2 


174.6 


180.1 


185.3 


190.3 


195.1 


199.7 


111.5 


125.5 


137.5 


147 


155.5 


163.5 


170 


176.5 


182.5 


188 


193.0 


197.5 


22 






112 


128.5 


140.1 


151.0 


159.6 


167.3 


173.7 


179.2 


184.4 


189.4 


194.2 


198.8 


• « • 


" * * 


110.5 


124 


136.5 


146 


154.5 


162.5 


169 


175.5 


181.5 


187 


191.5 


196 


23.03 


23 


.915 


108 


124.5 


136.1 


147 


155.6 


163.3 


170.0 


175.4 


180.2 


185.2 


190.0 


194.6 


107 


120.5 


132.5 


142.5 


150.5 


158.5 


165 


171.5 


177.5 


183 


187.5 


192.5 


24 






114.8 


121.3 


132.9 


143.8 


152.4 


160.1 


166.8 


172.2 


177.0 


182 


186.8 


191.4 


* * * 


• " • 


103.5 


117 


129 


138 


147 


154.5 


161.5 


168 


174 


179 


184 


188.3 


24.99 


24 


.909 


101.5 


117.8 


129.3 


140.1 


148.6 


156.3 


163 


168.4 


173.6 


178.6 


183.2 


187.8 


99 


113.5 


125.5 


135 


143.5 


151 


158 


164.5 


170 


175.5 


180 


185 


26 






98.3 


114.6 


126.2 


136.9 


145.5 


153.1 


159.8 


165.3 


170.4 


175.5 


179.9 


184.7 


• • * 


• • • 


95.5 


110.0 


122.0 


131.5 


140 


147 


154 


160.5 


166.5 


171.5 


176.5 


181 


27 






95.1 


111.4 


123.1 


133.7 


142.3 


150.0 


156.6 


162.1 


167.2 


172.4 


176.7 


181.3 


• • • 


• ' • 


92.5 


106.5 


118.5 


128 


136.5 


143.5 


150.5 


157 


162.5 


168 


172 


177.5 


27.66 


25 


.904 


93.0 


109.4 


121.0 


131.7 


140.1 


147.9 


154.5 


159.9 


165.1 


170.3 


174.4 


178.9 


90.0 


104.0 


116.5 


126 


134 


141.5 


148.5 


154.5 


160.5 


165.5 


171 


175 


28 






92. C 


108.3 


120.0 


130.6 


139.1 


146.8 


153.4 


158.9 


164.0 


169.3 


173.3 


177.9 


• • • 


... 


89.0 


103 


115 


124.5 


132.5 


140 


147 


153.5 


159 


163 


169.5 


173.5 


29 






88.9 


105.2 


117.0 


127.5 


136 


143.8 


150.3 


155.8 


161 


166.2 


170.2 


174.8 


• • • 


... 


86.0 


99.5 


111.5 


121 


129 


136.5 


143 


149.5 


155 


160.5 


165 


170 


29.60 


26 


.898 


87 


103.3 


114.7 


125.4 


133.9 


141.6 


148.2 


153.8 


159 


164.3 


168.1 


172.7 


83.5 


97.5 


109.5 


119 


127 


134.5 


141 


147 


152.5 


158 


163.5 


167.5 


30 






85.8 


102.1 


113.5 


124.2 


132.7 


140.4 


147 


152.6 


157.8 


163.1 


166.9 


171.6 


• • • 


. . . 


82.5 


96.5 


108 


117.5 


125.5 


133 


139.5 


146 


152 


157 


162 


166 


31.05 


27 


.891 


82.6 


98.8 


110.2 


120.9 


129.4 


137.1 


143.5 


149.2 


154.5 


159.8 


163.6 


168.3 


79.0 


93.0 


104.5 


114 


122 


129.5 


136 


142 


148 


153 


158.5 


162.5 


32 






80.1 


96.2 


107.6 


118.3 


126.8 


134.5 


140.9 


146.6 


151.9 


157.2 


161.0 


165.7 


• • ' 


• • • 


76.0 


89.5 


101 


110.5 


118.5 


126 


132.5 


138.5 


144.5 


149.5 


154.5 


159 


33 






77.4 


93.5 


104.9 


115.6 


124.1 


131.8 


138.7 


143.9 


149.2 


154.5 


158.3 


163.0 


" • • 


• • • 


73.0 


86.5 


98 


107 


115.0 


122.0 


129 


135 


140.5 


146 


151.5 


155.5 


33.25 


28 


.886 


76.5 


92.6 


103.9 


114.6 


123.1 


130.8 


137.8 


143 


148.3 


153.6 


157.4 


162.1 


72.0 


85.5 


97 


106.5 


114.5 


121.5 


128 


134 


140 


145 


150.0 


154.3 


34 






74.6 


90.7 


102 


112.7 


121.2 


128.9 


135.9 


141.1 


146.4 


151.7 


155.5 


160.2 


• • • 


• • • 


69.5 


83.0 


94.5 


104.0 


111.5 


119 


125.5 


131.5 


137.5 


142.5 


147.5 


152 


35 






72 


88.1 


99.4 


110.1 


118.6 


126.3 


133.3 


138.5 


143.8 


149.1 


152.9 


157.6 


• • • 


. . . 


67.5 


80.0 


91.5 


100.5 


108.5 


115.5 


122 


128 


134.0 


139 


144 


148.5 


35.60 


29 


.881 


70.4 


86.5 


97.8 


108.5 


117 


124.7 


131.7 


137.9 


142.2 


147.5 


151.3 


156.0 


64.5 


78.0 


89 


98.5 


106 


113.5 


120 


126 


132 


136.5 


142 


146 


36 






60.5 


85.6 


96.9 


107.5 


116.1 


123.8 


130.8 


137.0 


141.7 


147.2 


151.0 


155.7 


... 


• • • 


63.5 


77 


88 


97 


105 


112.5 


118.5 


124.5 


130 


135 


140 


145 


37 






67.2 


83.3 


94.6 


105.2 


113.8 


121.5 


128.5 


134.7 


140.7 


146.8 


150.2 


154.9 


... 


• • • 


60.5 


73.3 


85.0 


94 


101.5 


108.5 


115.0 


121.5 


127 


132 


137 


141 


38 






. 65.0 


81.0 


92.3 


104.9 


111.5 


119.2 


126.2 


132.5 


138.4 


143.9 


149.4 


154.0 


• . . 


• • • 


57.5 


70.5 


81.5 


90.5 


98.5 


105.5 


112 


117.5 


123.5 


138.5 


133.5 


137.5 


38.20 


30 


.875 


64.5 


80.5 


91.8 


102.5 


111.0 


118.7 


125.7 


132 


138.1 


143.6 


149.3 


153,9 


66.5 


70.0 


81.0 


90 


97.5 


105 


111.5 


117.0 


123.0 


127.5 


133 


137.0 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

XLIV — Continued 

AMMONIA IN WATER 

AND PER CENT NH3 IN SOLUTION 



57 



Above 


One Standard Atmosphere 














>> 

0.2 


00 . 

00:3 


Per Cent 

NHjby 

Weight. 


60 


65 


70 


75 


80 


85 


90 


95 


100 


105 


1 
110 


115 


211.3 
209.5 


215.6 
214 


219.8 
218 


223.8 
221.5 


227.6 
225 


231.2 
229.5 


234.6 
233 


237.9 
236 


241.1 
239 


244.2 
242 


247.2 
245.5 


250.1 
248 


.928 


21 


19.87 


210,8 


215.2 


219.3 


223,4 


227.1 


230.7 


234.1 


237.4 


240.7 


243.8 


246.7 


249.6 








209 


213.5 


217.5 


221 


224.5 


229 


232,5 


235.5 


238.5 


241,5 


245 


247.5 






20 


207.1 


211.5 


215.6 


219.7 


223.3 


227 


230,4 


233.7 


237 


240,1 


243 


245.9 






21 


205 


209.5 


213.5 


217.5 


221 


224.5 


227.5 


231 


234.5 


237.5 


240.5 


243.5 






204.1 


208.4 


212.6 


216.6 


220.4 


224 


227.4 


230.7 


233.9 


237 


240 


242.9 








202 


206.5 


210.5 


214 


218 


221.5 


225.5 


228.5 


232 


234.5 


237.5 


240.5 


.921 


22 


21.73 


203.2 


207.5 


211.7 


215.7 


219.5 


223.1 


226.5 


229.8 


233 


236.1 


239.1 


242 






22 


201 


205.5 


209.5 


213 


215 


220.5 


224.5 


227 


230.5 


233 


236.5 


239.5 






199 


203.3 


207.5 


211.5 


215.3 


218.9 


222.3 


225.6 


228.8 


231.9 


234.9 


237.8 


.915 


23 


23.03 


196.5 


201.5 


205 


209 


211 


216.5 


220 


223 


226,5 


229 


232.5 


235 


195.8 


200.1 


204.2 


208.3 


212.1 


215.7 


219.1 


222.4 


225.6 


228.7 


231.7 


234.6 






24 


193 


197.5 


201.5 


205 


207 


212.5 


216 


219 


222.5 


225 


228.5 


231 




. . . 


192.2 


196.5 


200.7 


204.7 


208.5 


212,1 


215.5 


218.8 


222 


225.1 


228.1 


231 


.909 


24 


24.99 


188.5 


193 


197.5 


201.5 


205 


208,5 


212 


215.0 


218.5 


221.5 


224.5 


227 


189.1 


193.3 


197.5 


201.6 


205.3 


208.9 


212.2 


215.6 


218.9 


221.9 


225 


237.8 






26 


185.5 


190 


194 


197.5 


201.5 


205 


208 


211.5 


214.5 


271.5 


220.5 


223.5 


. . . 


. . . 


185.9 


190.2 


194.3 


198.4 


202.2 


205.7 


209 


212.5 


215.8 


218.7 


221.8 


234.7 






27 


181.5 


186 


190 


194 


197.5 


201 


204.5 


207.5 


210.5 


213.5 


216.5 


219.5 






183.3 


187.6 


191.8 


195.8 


199.6 


203.2 


206.6 


209.9 


213.1 


216.2 


219.2 


222.1 


.904 


25 


27.66 


179 


183.5 


187.5 


191.5 


195 


198.5 


202 


205.5 


208.5 


211 


214.5 


217 


183.2 


186.6 


190.7 


194.8 


198.5 


202.2 


205.6 


208.8 


212.1 


215.1 


218.2 


221.0 






28 


177.5 


182 


186.5 


190 


193.5 


197.5 


200.5 


204 


207 


210 


212.5 


215.5 




• • • 


180.2 


183.5 


187.6 


191.8 


195.4 


199.1 


202.6 


205.7 


209.0 


212.1 


215.1 


217.9 






29 


174 


178 


182.5 


186 


190 


193.5 


196.5 


200 


203 


206 


209 


211.5 


... 


• • • 


178.1 


181.4 


185.6 


189.6 


193.4 


197.0 


200.4 


203.7 


206.9 


210 


213.0 


215.9 


.898 


26 


29.60 


171.5 


176 


180 


184 


187.5 


191 


194.5 


198 


201 


203.5 


207 


209.5 


176.9 


180.2 


184.4 


188.4 


192.2 


195.8 


199.2 


202.5 


205.7 


208,8 


211.8 


214.7 






30 


170 


174.5 


179 


182.5 


186 


189.5 


192.5 


196.5 


199,5 


202.0 


205 


208 


. . . 


. . . 


173.5 


177.0 


181.2 


185.2 


189.0 


192.6 


196 


199.3 


202.5 


206.6 


209.6 


212,5 


.891 


27 


31.05 


166.5 


171 


174.5 


178.5 


182,5 


185.5 


189 


192.5 


195.0 


198.0 


201 


204.5 


170.9 


174.4 


178.6 


182.6 


186.4 


190 


193.4 


196.7 


199.9 


204 


207 


209,9 






32 


163 


167 


167.5 


175 


178.5 


182 


185.5 


188.5 


192 


194.5 


197,5 


200,5 


• • • 


• • « 


168.2 


171.7 


175.9 


179.9 


183.7 


187.3 


190.7 


194.0 


197.2 


201.3 


204.3 


207.2 






33 


159.5 


163.5 


163.5 


171.5 


175 


178.5 


181.5 


185 


188 


191.0 


194 


196.5 


• • • 




157.3 


170.8 


175 


179 


182.8 


186.4 


189.8 


193.1 


196.3 


200.4 


203.4 


206.3 


.886 


28 


33.25 


169.0 


163 


162.5 


170.5 


174.5 


177.5 


180.5 


184 


187.5 


190 


193 


196.0 


165.4 


168.9 


173.1 


177.1 


180.9 


184.5 


187.9 


191.2 


195.4 


198.5 


201.5 


204.4 






34 


156 


160 


160 


168 


171.5 


175.5 


178 


181.5 


184.5 


187.5 


190 


193.0 


• • " 


• ' * 


162.8 


166.3 


170.5 


174.5 


178.3 


181.9 


185.3 


188.6 


192.8 


195.9 


198.9 


201.8 






35 


152.5 


156.5 


156.5 


164 


168 


171.0 


174 


177.5 


180.5 


183.5 


187 


189.5 


" • • 


> • • 


161.2 


164.7 


168.9 


172.9 


176.7 


180.3 


183.7 


187.0 


191.2 


194.3 


197.3 


200.2 


.881 


29 


35.60 


150.5 


154.5 


154.5 


163 


165.5 


169 


172 


175.5 


178.5 


181.0 


184.5 


187 


160.8 


164.5 


168.7 


172.7 


176.5 


180.1 


183,5 


186.8 


191 


193.9 


196,9 


199.8 






36 


149.0 


153 


153.0 


160.5 


160.5 


167.5 


170,5 


174 


177.0 


179.5 


182.5 


185.5 


... 


• • • 


159.7 


163.7 


167.9 


171.9 


175.8 


179.3 


182,7 


186.0 


190.2 


192.8 


195.8 


198.7 






37 


145.5 


149.5 


149.5 


157 


153 


164.0 


167 


170.5 


173 


176.0 


179.5 


182.0 


• • . 


• • • 


158.6 


162.9 


167.1 


171.1 


175 


178.5 


181.9 


185,2 


189.4 


191.7 


194.7 


197.6 






33 


142 


146 


146 


153.5 


150 


160.5 


163,5 


166,5 


170 


172.5 


175.5 


178.5 


... 




158.3 


162.6 


167 


171.0 


174,8 


178.4 


181,8 


185.1 


188,3 


191.4 


194.4 


197.3 


.875 


30 


38.20 


141.5 


145.5 


145.5 


153 


149,5 


160 


163 


166 


169.5 


172 


175 


178 



58 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table XLV 
AMMONIA— WATER SOLUTIONS 

VALUES OF PARTIAL PRESSURES OF AMMONIA AND WATER VAPOR FOR 
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PER CENTS OF AMMONIA IN SOLUTION 



per cent 
















NHa 


2. 


5 






5.0 




7.5 




0) o 


o 

CO 2 


a 


a 

2 53 


««-t 

S «3 


o 


a 



OQ 


a 


2 a 


•3 


a 

CQ 
0> 


a 
2 . 


o 


^ a 


" 2 




fa 03 
o Co 




DO O 

DQ Q, 


Si 

S3 


u 03 




m O 


Si 
S.2 




1 


o 

.2 S 

Ah 




-sew 




iHa 

i;a 


If =5 






_ o 

!?a 




1° 




Press. Inc 


bes Hg 




Press. Inches Hg 


Press. Inches Hg 


32. 


.236 


.177 


.413 




.512 


.158 


.670 




.788 


.158 


.946 




35.6 


.256 


.197 


.453 






.571 


.197 


.768 




.867 


.197 


1.064 




39.2 


.276 


.236 


.512 


, 




.591 


.236 


.827 




.945 


.216 


1.161 




42.8 


.295 


.276 


.571 


. 




.650 


.276 


.926 




1.041 


.256 


1.297 




46.4 


.315 


.315 


.630 


. 




.709 


.315 


1.024 




1.16 


.295 


1.455 




50.0 


.354 


.355 


.709 


. 




.788 


.355 


1.343 




1.28 


.335 


1.615 


1.6 


53.6 


.394 


.413 


.807 


. 




.866 


.394 


1.260 




1.415 


.374 


1.789 


1.8 


57.2 


.434 


.472 


.906 


. 




.965 


.452 


1.417 




1.575 


.433 


2.008 


2. 


60.8 


.492 


.532 


1.024 






1.062 


.511 


1.573 


'i'.i 


) 1.75 


.473 


2.223 


2.1 


64.4 


.552 


.590 


1.142 






1.18 


.590 


1.770 


lA 


) 1.925 


.552 


2.477 


2.5 


68. 


.611 


.670 


1.281 


1.3 


1.319 


.649 


1.958 


2. 


2.125 


.611 


2.736 


2.9 


71.6 


.670 


.748 


1.318 


1.5 


1.455 


.728 


2.183 


2.^ 


} 2.34 


.689 


3.029 


3.1 


75.2 


.729 


.847 


1.576 


1.6 


1.592 


.826 


2.418 


2.e 


) 2.58 


.788 


3.368 


3.6 


78.8 


.807 


.945 


1.752 


1.8 


1.75 


.925 


2.675 


2.5 


\ 2.835 


.866 


3.701 


3.9 


82.4 


.885 


1.06 


1.945 


2. 


1.925 


1.043 


2.968 


3. 


3.09 


.985 


4.075 


4.1 


86 


.985 


1.2 


2.185 


2.1 


2.125 


1.180 


3.305 


3.S 


3.49 


1.122 


4.612 


4.8 


89.6 


1.085 


1.36 


2.445 


2.5 


2.30 


1.34 


3.64 


3.8 


3.70 


1.28 


4.98 


5.2 


93.2 


1.18 


1.515 


2.695 


2.8 


2.52 


1.495 


4.015 


4.1 


4.06 


1.435 


5.495 


5.8 


96.8 


1.28 


1.69 


2.97 


3 


2.725 


1.672 


4.397 


4.5 


4.42 


1.615 


6.035 


6 


100.4 


1.38 


1.89 


3.27 


3.4 


3.01 


1.870 


4.880 


5 


4.82 


1.81 


6.63 


6.7 


104.0 


1.455 


2.125 


3.580 


3.8 


3.29 


2.085 


5.375 


5.2 


5.27 


2.03 


7.30 


7.3 


107.6 


1.655 


2.36 


4.015 


4 


3.58 


2.30 


5.88 


6 


5.72 


2.245 


7.965 


8 


111.2 


1.811 


2.62 


4.431 


4.6 


3.90 


2.56 


6.46 


6.5 


6.18 


2.50 


8.68 


8.8 


114.8 


1.970 


2.95 


4.920 


5 


4.23 


2.815 


7.045 


7 


6.78 


2.76 


9.54 


9.4 


118.4 


2.15 


3.21 


5.36 


5.2 


4.58 


3.11 


7.69 


7.8 


7.33 


3.05 


10.38 


10.2 


122.0 


2.320 


3.54 


5.860 


5.9 


4.96 


3.44 


8.40 


8.5 


7.89 


3.37 


11.26 


11.3 


125.6 


2.520 


3.88 


6.400 


6.4 


5.35 


3.80 


9.15 


9 


8.55 


3.70 


12.25 


12. 


129.2 


2.740 


4.29 


7.030 


7 


5.80 


4.22 


10.02 


10. 


9.25 


4.07 


13.32 


13.2 


132.8 


2.955 


4.73 


7.685 


7.8 


6.25 


4.65 


10.90 


11 


9.89 


4.5 


14.39 


14.4 


136.4 


3.15 


5.21 


8.36 


8.2 


6.72 


5.12 


11.84 


12 


10.06 


4.98 


15.04 


15.8 


140 


3.37 


5.77 


9.14 


9 


7.2 


5.63 


12.83 


12.9 


11.45 


5.49 


16.94 16.9 





10 


12.5 


15 


32 


1.21 


.158 


1.368 


1 


1.58 


.138 


1.718 


1.5 


2.11 


.138 


2.248 


2 


35.6 


1.24 


.177 


1.417 


1.5 


1.72 


.157 


1.877 


1.8 


2.3 


.157 


2.457 


2.5 


39.2 


1.36 


.197 


1.557 


1.5 


1.89 


.177 


2.067 


2.1 


2.54 


.177 


2.717 


2.8 


42.8 


1.495 


.236 


1.731 


1.7 


2.09 


.217 


2.307 


2.5 


2.79 


.217 


3.007 


3 


46.4 


1.67 


.276 


1.946 


1.9 


2.31 


.256 


2.566 


2.8 


3.07 


.256 


3.326 


3.2 


50 


1.87 


.315 


2.185 


2 


2.56 


.295 


2.855 


3 


3.41 


.295 


3.705 


3.8 


63.6 


2.05 


.355 


2.405 


2.4 


2.82 


.335 


3.155 


3.3 


3.76 


.335 


4.095 


4.1 


67.2 


2.28 


.413 


2.693 


2.9 


3.12 


.394 


3.514 


3.7 


4.14 


.374 


4.514 


4.7 


60.8 


2.52 


.472 


2.992 


3 


3.45 


.453 


3.903 


4 


4.55 


.433 


4.983 


5 


64.4 


2.79 


.532 


3.322 


3.4 


3.82 


.512 


4.332 


4.5 


6.02 


.492 


6.512 


6.5 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table XLV — Continued 



59 



Per cent 






















NHi 




10 






12 


.5 






15 






£ . 


a 


a 


<o 9 


u . 


a 

3 


a 




o 


a 

3 

m 


a 

o . 

Ih 00 




3 sa 


3 b 




® S 


3 aj 


3 ^ 


» 


a> iH 


a a 


3 fc- 


V 


a> y* 




00> 


2 2 






S> 




M 










U 09 





And 


si* 




00 cJ 

g5 


£«s 




Si 
S.2 


2"^ 
«5 




Ah> 


Si 


2'^ 

«5 


1 

a 




as. 






_ O 

3a 
^a 

a3<J 


5 as 
1^ 




OZ 


t^a 

e8<J 


Pi 






] 


Press. Inc 


thes Ilg 




Press. Inches Ilg 


Press. Inches Hg 


68 


3.09 


.590 


3.680 


3.8 


4.22 


.571 


4.791 


5 


5.55 


.552 


6.102 


6 


71.6 


3.4 


.670 


4.070 


4 


4.61 


.65 


5.26 


5.4 


6.1 


.631 


6.731 


7.7 


75.2 


3.74 


.767 


4.507 


4.6 


5.04 


.729 


5.769 


6 


6.7 


.71 


7.41 


7.6 


78.8 


4.09 


.847 


4.937 


5 


5.55 


.827 


6.377 


6.6 


7.33 


.81 


8.14 


8 


82.4 


4.49 


.965 


5.455 


5.4 


6.08 


.926 


7.006 


7 


7.98 


.906 


8.886 


8.9 


86 


4.9 


1.1 


6.0 


6.1 


6.66 


1.04 


7.70 


7.8 


8.66 


1.005 


9.665 


9.9 


89.6 


5.35 


1.24 


6.59 


6.8 


7.26 


1.18 


8.44 


8.5 


9.5 


1.12 


10.62 


10.7 


93.2 


5.86 


1.4 


7.26 


7.4 


7.92 


1.32 


9.24 


9.3 


10.35 


1.26 


11.61 


11.9 


96.8 


6.37 


1.555 


7.925 


7.9 


8.63 


1.47 


10.10 


10 


11.28 


1.42 


12.70 


12.8 


100.4 


6.94 


1.75 


8.69 


8.8 


9.38 


1.67 


11.05 


11 


12.25 


1.59 


13.84 


13.9 


104.0 


7.5 


1.95 


9.45 


9.5 


10.18 


1.87 


12.05 


12 


13.22 


1.77 


14.99 


15 


107.6 


8.19 


2.165 


10.355 


10.4 


11.02 


2.07 


13.09 


13 


14.30 


1.98 


16.28 


16.3 


111.2 


8.88 


2.42 


11.30 


11.4 


11.9 


2.32 


14.22 


14.4 


15.45 


2.2 


17.65 


17.8 


114.8 


9.6 


2.68 


12.28 


12.2 


12.88 


2.56 


15.44 


15.7 


16.62 


2.44 


19.06 


19 


118.4 


10.38 


2.97 


13.35 


13.3 


13.85 


2.83 


16.68 


17 


17.9 


2.69 


20.59 


20.6 


122.0 


11.22 


3.25 


14.47 


14.5 


14.95 


3.13 


18.08 


18 


19.3 


2.97 


22.27 


22.2 


125.6 


12.05 


3.58 


15.63 


15.5 


















129.2 


12.95 


3.96 


16.91 


17 


















132.8 


13.95 


4.37 


18.32 


18.2 


















136.4 


15.0 


4.81 


19.81 


20 


















140 


16.5 


5.29 


21.79 


21.2 





















17.5 


20 


22.5 


32 


2.72 


.138 


2.858 


2.8 


3.46 


.118 


3.578 


3.5 


4.37 


.118 


4.488 


4.6 


35.6 


3.0 


.157 


3.157 


3.1 


3.84 


.138 


3.978 


4 


4.85 


.138 


4.988 


5 


39.2 


3.29 


.177 


3.467 


3.5 


4.22 


.158 


4.378 


4.3 


5.33 


.158 


5.488 


5.9 


42.8 


3.62 


.217 


3.837 


3.9 


4.65 


.177 


4.827 


4.9 


5.86 


.177 


6.037 


7 


46.4 


4.02 


.256 


4.276 


4.2 


5.12 


.217 


5.337 


5.1 


6.43 


.197 


6.627 


6.7 


50 


4.41 


.295 


4.705 


4.8 


5.63 


.256 


5.886 


5.9 


7.07 


.236 


7.306 


7.3 


53.6 


4.87 


.335 


5.205 


5.2 


6.2 


.295 


6.495 


6.4 


7.74 


.275 


8.015 


8 


57.2 


5.36 


.374 


5.734 


5.9 


6.8 


.335 


7.135 


7.1 


8.48 


.315 


8.795 


9 


60.8 


5.92 


.433 


6.353 


6.5 


7.49 


.394 


7.884 


7.8 


9.3 


.354 


9.654 


9.7 


64.4 


6.5 


.492 


6.992 


7 


8.2 


.453 


8.653 


8.6 


10.18 


.394 


10.574 


10.8 


68 


7.13 


.552 


7.682 


7.8 


9.0 


.512 


9.512 


9.5 


11.12 


.453 


11.573 


12 


71.6 


7.8 


.631 


8.431 


8.5 


9.85 


.571 


10.421 


10.3 


12.15 


.512 


12.662 


12.9 


75.2 


8.55 


.71 


9.26 


9.3 


10.75 


.65 


11.40 


11.5 


13.25 


.571 


13.821 


14 


78.8 


9.33 


.788 


17.118 


10.3 


11.75 


.73 


12.48 


12.4 


14.45 


.65 


15.10 


15.2 


82.4 


10.2 


.866 


11.066 


11.4 


12.75 


.85 


13.60 


13.6 


15.85 


.729 


16.579 


17 


86 


11.1 


.966 


12.066 


12 


13.9 


.905 


14.805 


15 


17.40 


.807 


18.207 


18 


89.6 


12.1 


1.08 


13.18 


13.3 


15.05 


1.14 


16.19 


16.1 










93.2 


13.2 


1.22 


14.24 


14.5 


16.30 


1.26 


17.56 


17.9 










96.8 


14.35 


1.36 


15.71 


15.8 


17.75 


1.4 


19.15 


18.9 










100.4 


15.6 


1.5 


17.1 


17 


19.35 


1.55 


20.90 


20.6 










104.0 


16.95 


1.67 


18.62 


18.6 


21.05 


1.71 


22.76 


22.3 










107.6 


18.45 


1.85 


20.30 


19.9 



















60 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table XL VI 

ABSORPTION OF GASES BY LIQUIDS 

Selected from Smithsonian Physical Tables, 

Values of a;« = volume of gases referred to 32° F. and 29.92 ins. Hg which one volume of 
water can absorb at atmospheric pressure and temperature of first column. 



Temperature. 


COi. 


CO. 


H. 


N. 


0. 


Air. 


NHs. 


H2S. 


Me- 
thane. 


Ethy- 


"C. 


O jp 


lene. 





32 


1.797 


.0354 


.02110 


.02399 


.04925 


.02471 


1174.6 


4.371 


.04573 


.2563 


5 


41 


1.450 


.0315 


.02022 


.02134 


.04335 


.02179 


971.5 


3.965 


.04889 


.2153 


10 


50 


1.185 


.0282 


.01944 


.01918 


.03852 


.01953 


840.2 


3.586 


.04367 


.1837 


15 


59 


1.002 


.0254 


.01875 


.01742 


.03456 


01795 


756.0 


3.233 


.03903 


.1615 


20 


68 


.901 


.0232 


.01809 


.01599 


.03137 


.01704 


683.1 


2.905 


.03499 


.1488 


25 


77 


.772 


.0214 


.01745 


.01481 


.02874 




610.8 


2.604 


.02542 




30 


86 


.... 


.0200 


.01690 


.01370 


.02646 




■ • • • 


• • • • 






40 


104 


.506 


.0177 


.01644 


.01195 


.02316 






• • • • 






60 


122 


.... 


.0161 


.01608 


.01074 


.02080 




* • • • 


• • • • 






100 


212 


.244 


.0141 


.01600 


.01011 


.01690 














Table XL VII 
ABSORPTION OF AIR IN WATER (Winkler, 1904) 
Air free of COi and NH3 measured at 29.92 ins. and 32° F. 



Temper- 
ature. 
°C. 


Cu.ft. 

Oxygen at 

29.92 ins. 

Hg per 1000 

cu.ft. water. 


Cu.ft. 

Nitrogen 

per 1000 

cu.ft. water. 


Sum of 
Oxygen 

and 
Nitrogen. 


Temper- 
ature. 
°C. 


Cu.ft. 

Oxygen at 

29.92 ina. 

Hg per 1000 

cu.ft. water. 


Cu.ft. 

Nitrogen 

per 1000 

cu.ft. water. 


Sum of 
Oxygen 

and 
Nitrogen. 





10.19 


18.99 


29.18 


16 


6.89 


13.25 


20.14 


1 


9.91 


18.51 


28.42 


17 


6.75 


13.00 


19.75 


2 


9.64 


18.05 


27.69 


18 


6.61 


12.77 


19.38 


3 


9.39 


17.60 


26.99 


19 


6.48 


12.54 


19.02 


4 


9.14 


17.18 


26.32 


20 


6.36 


12.32 


18.68 


6 


8.91 


16.77 


25.68 


21 


6.23 


12.11 


18.34 


6 


8.68 


16.38 


25.06 


22 


6.11 


11.90 


18.01 


7 


8.47 


16.00 


24.47 


23 


6.00 


11.69 


17.69 


8 


8.26 


15.64 


23.90 


24 


5.89 


11.49 


17.38 


9 


8.06 


15.30 


23.36 


25 


5.78 


11.30 


17.08 


10 


7.87 


14.97 


22.84 


26 


5.67 


11.12 


16.79 


11 


7.68 


14.65 


22.33 


27 


5.56 


10.94 


16.50 


12 


7.52 


14.35 


21.87 


28 


5.46 


10.75 


16.21 


13 


7.35 


14.06 


21.41 


29 


5.36 


10.56 


15.92 


14 


7.19 


13.78 


20.97 


30 


5.26 


10.38 


15.64 


15 


7.04 


13.51 


20.55 











TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



61 



Table XL VIII 
AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES 
(Combustion complete in every case except for C burning to CO) 



Substance 



Carbon, C to CO2 

Carbon, C to CO . 

Hydrogen, H2 

Carbon monoxide, CO 

Sulphur, S 

Methane, CH4. . . . 

Ethane, CzHe. . . . 

Ethylene, C2H4 

Acetylene, C2H2. . . . 

Propane, CsHg. . . 

Propylene, CsHe. . . . 

Allylene, C3H4. . . . 

Butane, C4H10. . . 

Butylene, C4H8. . . 

Pentylene, CeHio . . . 

Hexane, CeHu . . . 

Benzole, CeHe. . . . 

Heptane, C7H16 . . . 
Methyl alcohol, CH3OH. 
Ethyl alcohol, C2H6OH . 



1 Lb. of Substance 
Requires Air 



Lbs. 



11.55 

5.77 

34.64 

2.47 

4.32 

17.32 

16.16 

14.85 

13.32 

15.75 

14.85 

13.86 

15.53 

14.85 

14.85 

15.22 

13.32 

15.24 

6.49 

9.04 



Cu.Ft. 
Standard 



143.10 
71.55 
429.19 
30.6 
53.52 
214.59 
200.22 
183.99 
165.07 
195.14 
183.99 
172.73 
192.42 
183.99 
183.99 
188.58 
165.07 
188.85 
80.47 
111.96 



1 Cu. Ft. of Substance 

(Standard) 

Requires Air 



Lbs. 



.193 

.193 

.774 
1.354 
1.157 

.964 
1.929 
1.736 



543 

508 

315 

890 

66 

89 

4.243 
.58 

1.17 



Cu.Ft. 
Standard. 



2.39 
2.39 

9.59 
16.73 
14.34 
11.95 
23.90 
21.51 
19.12 
31.07 
28.68 
35.85 
45.45 
35.84 
52.58 

7.17 
14.34 



Table XLIX 
RADIATION COEFFICIENTS 



Porous carbon (black body) 

Glass 

Ice 

Polished cast iron 

Wrought iron poUshed 

Steel polished 

Brass polished 

Copper hammered 

Silver polished 



Radiating and Ab- 
sorbing Powers. 



1.00 
.90 
.85 
.25 
.23 
.19 
.07 
.07 
.03 



Reflecting Power. 



0.00 
.10 
.15 
.75 
.77 
.81 
.93 
.93 
.97 



62 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table L 

COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER 
Average Practice 



Thermal Action in Substances. 


B.T.U. per Hour per 

Square Foot per 
Degree. 


Apparatus. 


Giving Up Heat. 


Receiving Heat. 




Liquid warming 


50-75 


Liquid heat exchangers, aqua 
ammonia water and beer 
coolers, ammonia absorber 
cooling coils 


Liquid cooling 


Gas warming 


2-6 


Hot-water radiators and cool- 
ing tower surfaces, depending 
on air velocity and character 
of water surface 




Liquid boiling 


100 
10-20 
30-50 


Shell brine coolers with circu- 
lator; tank brine coolers 
without circulator; double 
pipe brine coolers depending 
on velocity and hot hquid 
evaporators 




Liquid warming 


2-5 


Brine coolers in cold storage 
rooms depending on air circu- 
lation. Air coolers with 
water or brine coils; econo- 
mizers 




Gas warming 


2-4 


Steam superheaters 


' 


Liquid boiling 


2-5 


Direct expansion ammonia coils 
in cold storage rooms de- 
pending on air circulation. 
Steam boilers 


Vapor condensing .... 


Liquid warming 


150-350 
1000 


Feed-water heaters and steam 
condensers depending on wa- 
ter velocity and removal of 
air on steam side. Experi- 
mental feed-water heater 
high velocity 


Gas warming 


Jr* 


Steam radiators and pipes 




Liquid boiling 


400-600 


Vacuum evaporators with con- 
daising exiiaust steam de- 
pending on viscosity of solu- 
tion 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



63 






1— 1 

o 


b 


< 


H 

1— ( 


^ 


S 




H 


^ 


W 


o 


u 


tf 
f^ 


o 


Q 


rt 


f^ 


w 


H 


w 


O 


H 


B 


02 


H 


fe 


Oi 


w 




«} 


S 




!< 


w 


P 


H 


O 




fi^ 


Q 


^ 


^ 


O 


^ 


u 


wj 


hJ 


W 


<r| 


H-J 


r") 


w 


i—i 


<1 


^ 


H 


o 


1— 1 




!z; 


Q 


o 


^ 


02 


< 


H 


rn 


(—1 


H 


^ 


^ 


02 


W 
^ 


P 


S 


<: 


H 


(^ 




w 


H-1 


ptH 


W 


^ 


P 


o 


Fz4 


w 




Ph 


;z4 


Pi^ 


(J 


>^ 


O 




HH 


^ 


H 


;^ 


f/i 


KH 


P 


w 


« 


H 


o 


oj 
O 


Pm 


PQ 


O 




w 




H 




-< 




W 




W 





1 p=: 




























T.U. per 

t. at 32° 
id 29.92 
na. Hg. 






^ 53^ 


1-1 00 






CD » 
CD U9 






CO WW 


CO ec 


CO 




O OS 


pq'S ''"' 
















o 
















aj 
















s 
















3 
































o 
















> 
















O 
















u-> 






^ 








C 


>> 






,bfi 


X 






o 


O 








§ 






a 


.a 

< 






1 


1 






o 


u^i^ 






CO 


o 








S° 05 bJi 






05 








05 








O 
OS 


8 






CO 


• 03-73 2 






1> 


(N 




' 


<N 








1—1 


tH 






(N 


y^ 
















^ 


s a 


i i 


1 g s 1 

2 52 ?2 £ 


03 

a 






ii 




^ fc 
^ ^ 


1 1 


uu 










.2 1-1 


cS JB 


M H 


i^H H cc 


M 






.-ft 




Sop 


M 02 O O O C 








i^is 


o 


.^ O (V o 


a '*-! 


M 


02 4) CO 


WJ O) e«_ tij 


.iS 


> tH tn > tn 




C O oj o 


1 g 

2 > 




a-^ a 


s^ . . 


"+3 

3 


'O 


o "S o 


o t^^i^ 


<3 


o3 <U CJ c3 O 


c3 O c3 


-a C c3 c3 03 03 


-C 03 


c 


.£3 <L> rfl 


^ (U c3 03 




p^pqpqp^pq 


P^pqO 


b^<f^OOf^ 


H^< 


HP:5H 


HWOO 


'1 


"1* b- (M CO CO 


rH O lH 


O TfH 1:^ 5© (N t^ 


O i» 


CO 


00 t^ o 


i-H b- «0 CO 


•^ Tin (M CO TjH 


•O OC lO 


O lO J> ei OS 1-1 


O IN 


t^ 


OS 05 T— t 


Tt< T-H -^ «© 


»« O (N O T- 


^^ Tt^ CO 


(M GO -^ «© 00 I:^ 


CO ffO 


CO 


CD 00 00 


00 O O "sH 




^^ "^ ^^ 


tH O 1— 1 O r-l T— 1 


T^ r*< 


"«^ 


CO CO »o 


CO -^ CO iH 


P^ ft 


tH iH tH tH r- 




o <;o «;£i ;e kO LQ 








(N (N (N ei 
















p^ 
















o (M (M 
















tJ< Tj< ,-( T-H 
















CO CO (M (N 










< 




TS 


"O fe! 
















•-H o 


rfi 






• • • pc^ [Jh P-< 






TO '3 


=5. ^ a 


3 


o - - - - 


O^ -. 


rH HH Hn o q o 

o o C^ (M (N 


0-. 




faD ;r5 




-3 
O 


u 


o- - 


Tfl O Tfl T-H T— 1 1— 1 

CO 05 CO (N (N <M 


u- 


"* 


d^ d 


o 


fin 






:2 g 

a- 03 ^ 






ai- m 


w 

T3 ^ ^ ^ 
C - - - 
c3 
e« 

o 
o 






















o 




























o 




























qT 








08 




















-d 




















o 






•s 






•♦ 


02 






c 


c 


c 


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m 




i 




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a 




CZ2 


oT 




o o -5 ^ 5 


o 


O 


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1 




^ 


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a 


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tn f-l c3 eS K 


M 


tw 


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o: 


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c 


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r 




3 
02 


1^ 



64 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



i 

o 






02 



02 



B.P.U. per 

Cu.ft. at 32° F. 

and 29.92 

ins. Hg. 


C5 ec 

O !>• 


o o 


©31 Hi 

-* OS 

OS i>. 

©8 CO 


OS o 


■>■ OS 

OS 00 


1720 
1570 


a 

> 
o 

'm 
O 

< 


c3 
hC 
O 
> 
< 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Cu.ft. per 

Lb. at32°F. 

and 29.92 

ins. Hg. 


00 
o 




CO 


CO 
CO 


r-4 
r-t 


CO 


H 
o 

<1 


;2 f^ f^' 

s g s 

03 U U 

c3 ^ o3 


a a 

mm 

d a a 

mOU 


^^ 

o o o 

^ . . 

"£ rS r2 

fflOO 


d 1=1 

03 03 

a a 

I— 1 I— 1 

SB 
m m 

P3 a a 

^ c5 d 


to 02 

a a 

o o 

CQ ^ 43 «C 

o -£^45 

rd S 03 03 

H WOO 


03 to 

a a 

o o 

sSss 

a '^ • • 

o -S^^ 

rC3 o o3 03 

HPQOO 




Tjl «0 00 

JO. iH » 
CO »« (N 
O O OS 

(M (yi th 


»o O i« 

Tt< iH 05 
J:^ «0 r-l 
O O OS 
(N (N tH 


tH 5© ifl 
C5 i>. O 
O OS 00 
00 !>• I>- 

T-l tH iH 


1-1 o o 

Tt^ ^ CO 

1> «D (N 
O © OS 
(M (N tH 


O CO CO CO 
to 05 O T-H 
(N lO (N rH 
O CS O OS 
r-t tH 


lO GO 50 O 
<N Tj^ X* O 
CO t>. <N rH 
CO (N 00 ©1 
1-1 r-l fH tH 


to ■ 

o 

d 

O 
M 


* 

^ (N (M 

^ '-' '-I 
<© (M (M 

3 2 

q 


■^ tH 1— I 

CO <N (N 


Tt< 1— 1 1— 1 

CO (N (N 


rfH rH T-l 

CO (N (M 


rt< rJH T-i tH 
CO CO (M (M 

CTv. «« o3 


tJH ■«* rH t-l 

CO CO (N <N 


fl V. V. 


^ 


*^ "** '^ 


>• s* 




^ 


o 
o 












o 

a 

02 


o 

o 

1 

Ph 


03 


W 

•o 

o 

"o 

N 


to 

O 


q 

o 

1 
J 


q 

o 

'o 

1 



tlO 



.2 
3 



«CT3 

.— <o 

U ID 

ft 
«2 

O bO 

0) ^ 

eS M 
^ eS 

O »-H 

CI o 

-p « 
«^ 
§a 

0) ft 

^ ft 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



65 



03 
(U 



o 

c3 






o 

02 
>> 

d 

*3 
o 



a 

CO 
o3 



id 

o 
o 



02 

o 



o 
d 

C3 



3 































-fc3 














a 


^ 












<D 















02 

d 


;d 


• 










c3 


'0 


t4 










w 


02 


O 










n3 
d 


S 


+5 

<3 


a 


a B 


pd si 

02 m !tl 


S 
?« 


-§ 




•*^ o 


o o -e 


d 


p o 


o 


(S 




d <u o3 -t^ d 
►^ P^ H cc <^ W h-^ 


g .t5 .t^ §) S) ^ 
O 03 03 d d ^ 


N N o3 03 ja 

d d 43 ^ 3 


N N N ^ 

d d d rd 


fe fe 




S g o o .^ 


<o <o <o zi 
H^l i-^l h:i 3 


^1 
















<u 


1— 1 


1 — 1 






_ ^ 




(U 


1—1 ^"^^ 


^^"^ 1 1 1 1 1 


, , 




^'■^ /""^ 1, 






•— N, ^_,^ C^ ■ , ,, 


C^ • — s ^-^ , ^-^ 


f— 1 ''■"^ 




(N C^ /-N 




(N ^-^ CO ^-^ ^--s 


CO C^ (M .'-s (M ,-^ 


^-s <N 




CO CO (M 




Q 


CO (M 1 (N (M 


1 CO CO (M CO (N 


(M CO 




1 1 CO 




1 CO ' CO CO 


1 1 1 CO 1 CO 


CO 1 




1 1 1 






i 1 ^ 1 1 

— NO '"^ -lO "^O 


w ' • 1 ' 1 


1 i 




O Oi -^ 




; II 


tv. v_x ,—1 -^^ ^.^ 


l> 00 (N ^-^ lO --^ 


■^ (M 




00 t^ (M 




•+^ ,. 


(M (M T-t CO 05 


(N 00 (M 05 TjH to 


CO Oi 




05 ■<*' 00 




t-iM 


T-i 00 o 00 lo r- • 

8 o 8 8 o piH* ? 


O !>• t^ 1-1 00 lO 


CO 00 




(N O CO 




cy.S 


O O O 1-1 O O 


T-l O 








mxi 


O O O O O O 


o o 




O O O 




mH 


O O O O O o C5 


O O O O O O 


O O 




a • o 






i' r r i' i' s ?^ 


+ + + r r r 


+ + 




+i r 




3h5 

Q 


T-H tH 1—1 i-H rH -U -U 


T— 1 rH tH tH 1—1 T-H 


^J=l o 


O lO 


J=11oZi 




W 




O O O O O O 











CO CO i-H t^ !>• CO (M 


00 O CO 00 lO lO 


(M CO O 


(N 05 


CO (M CO CO 


00 


u 


00 O l^ o r^ rti t^ 


O O 1-1 05 00 (N 


05 1-1 00 


(M l> 


CO rfi ""^i TtH 


!>. 1-1 


ft 


T^ CO »o »o »o "^ "^ 


(M <M CO (N (M CO 


lO 1> tH 


CO (N 


Ci (M Tji Tji 


t>. CO 


tJ 














H 














w 




























ft 




























SH 














ft . 




i 










g^ 










^-^ 




OQ ft 


C^ t^ (M -Cr^ t^ r ^ "^ 

O -^ O lO 00 ^ o 
O 1—1 O 1-* (N o O 
O O O Q O 00 O 




io c5 




lO 1-1 i>. '^ 

CO CO 00 




fed 

TO (U 


o ^ CO T-i lo O 

O 2] '-I Cq T-l 1-1 

O o o o o o 

O o *^ "^ '^ "^^ 


d^ 1-1 
o o 
o o 


d 

o 


lO 00 CO ^ • , • 

o o o O O 
o o o ° ° 

. . . »0 QO 




• P p O O (M r-t 
' 1 1 1 1 -f^ +3 


+ + + J1 l' l' 


+ + 


i : 


+ 11:: 


T-l 

H-3 


tH • 1 1 ' o3 o3 




l-< rH 


o3 


rH T-H 1—1 0; 


o3 


Q 






V_.^ v_-^ 










lO ^ ^-^ -— ^ --^ 00 !>. 


^ X_^ v_^ ^_X -^ N_^ 


1-1 o c 


O ^ 


10 CO 00 00 


CO 


3 


CO OS t^ lO 05 (M (TQ 


00 i> CO 


-* CO (M 


1-1 CO 


CO CO (N (N 


10 CO 


cd 


CO O Oi !>. Oi >0 CO 


1-1 1-H 00 (N 00 (M 


O TjH CO 


1—1 o: 


'^ 00 10 10 


CO 05 


a 


1— 1 CQ 1— H 1—1 r-( tH T— 1 


1> t^ O O 05 tH 


(N Cq C 


1-1 O 


CO 1— 1 tH 


c^ 




1-1 1-1 1-1 








tH 
































































'^ 


a 






























<4-l 


(S 


















t- 












p 


-** 
















0. 














^ 










g 






£ 












+3 

02 


3 










Ill's 






















b 


1 


t5* 




a 

1 








bC 




i 




<0 


OQ 

1 


-03 


j3 o3 c 

rd 0) -d 








> 




.i: 




c 


> 


1 


PQ 




CC 


I 


<; 


M 


Eh 


N 


N 


o5 



66 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



i 

o 



1^ 



o 



Q 



.11 



w 






*< - 

pp 

•r* *^ 

"a 

a 

CO 



03 



S ^ d fl d 

O (U o o o 

fe ^ f-l *-< 

o .— r o o o ,.j" ^-- 

-d a)aj^^^ ^ ^j 

o) > Ji^ a> S S 0) 







ro m GQ GO 

a> u (u o 

-Q ,Q ^ X5 

^ b '-I ^-i 

o ^O o o 



d 
S 

o 

S SO 

_0 _0 <D 



I 



CO 



00 

«o 



CO 



O 

o 
O 

o 



00 
00 

d 
a 

d 



00 lO ' 

lo CO CO 



00 

CO CO »o 
o o 



00 tH (M 05 



1- 1> 

t^ CO 



CO 



&b 

CQ 

2 

u 

03 

r-l 
CO 
(N 

o 



03 



00 

00 Tjl 



05 lO CO (M (N 



ot^io6dco;::;coS^:^^^o5bo^^^?^^§ 



i-iiO»0»0(N»0»000 

00 



(N 



CO 



CO 



<N 00 (M 
i-t O (N 



o 

o 

o 

O 



CO TjH 
CO lO 

o o 



CO 

o 
o 



CO 

o 
o 



CO 

o 
o 



00 
CO 
1-1 

o 
o 

i 



o o 
o o 
o o 



CO 00 o ^ 

05 (M (N rti T-H 

O O O O T-( 

o o o o o 

o o o o o 



03 

CO w 

o c^ 

o o 

o o 



e b* CO CO C5 N. 

tH(N »OC0lO00Tt<CO(NTt<i-((N 

oooooooooooooo 
oooooooooooooo 



a 
d 
o 

02 

d 

o3 

02 

d 

03 



d ^ 
o d 

Si a 



0) d 



o d 
24 



•73 



I 



o3 '"H 









s 

to O 
03 cS 



p. 



a ^ • O O S W3 

- d J2 "P -o -i^ d 

O ^ § g M ^ ^ 

cZ2czj^%P4<iWfiiUOfHWyh:i 



<u 

GO 
CO 

CD 
Ph 



d 

d 

o o ^ 






^ 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



67 



^ 



p4 



i-^ 



crJ4 

02.2 



W' 



t3 



u 


Ui 


(U 


0) 


X> 


-D 


0) 


0) 



^t^ 



I 

o 






■43 

*3 

d 

d 






§3 



S3 



^^^^6 



Winkplmann 
Graetz 


Schwarze 
Schleiermacher 


Schwarze 

Winkelmann 

Winkelmann 

Eckerlein 

Winkelman 

Winkelmann 

Winkelmann 

Winkelmann 

Winkelmann 



00 Tt< "* CO >o 

^ 05 t> CO lO TjH 



«3 cq 

CO (N (N t^ CO 

"^ (M CO Oi O 



(M 

CO 

I 

CD 
O 
rH 

o 
o 

o 

+ 

to O ^ 05 
CO "^ CO o 

1— I T-l 1— I C^ 



(N (N CO 

CO CO I 



"^ 00 I>- 

Tj< Tt^ 05 

^ (M O 
Q O O 
O O O 

+ + + 



lO i-H 

COrJH CO(NC000»OO5 

i-ii-liO(NiOCO00rJH00 
THi-IOiOJi— lr-li—lT-HO 



CO CO CO CO ''ii CO 



rH T-H (M 1-4 



C • 
o 

an 

So 

« . 
CO 






OS 
CQ 



iO 



O 



lO lO 



o o 

-1-3 -f.3 



W3 



00 00 



o%o 



•^ 



o o 



■+a 


R 


-IJ 


ci 


•Xh 


as 


O 


CO 


05 


c^ 


CO 


C^l 


tH 


1— i 


1-1 


O 


o 




O 


o 


o 



o 

o 

00 

o 



03 



<N to (M 
(M 

o o 
o o 



O O O 



O) a> 



O 



o 



00 

tH 

03 



c3 



a So a 



CO 



c3 



O 
O 



lO CO 

o o 

o o 

o o 



ii CO lO 

CO lO 

00 CO CO 

o o o 

o o o 

o o o 









.8 S 












CO -^ !>. ^ Vj 






rH 

8 






£3 ^ ^ o o 

888d*-^ 




oo 


+ i 






+++°o i i 




o o 

•4-3 -4^ 


1-1 






jH th ^ ^ t^u ^a 

05 lO "^ Tt< CO 




03 03 


00 Tj^ 


OS 




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68 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 
Table LIII 

RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 

Conductivities Carbon Dioxide ) 

AND [ = 1 at 32° F. 

Resistances Silver J 



Substance. 



Conductivity Carbon 
Dioxide =1. 



Resistance = 



Conductivity 
Silver =1. 



Iron 

Iron (Wiederman and Franz) . , 

Copper 

Copper (Wiederman and Franz) 

Steel 

Steel (Wiederman and Franz) . . 

Aluminum 

Lead 

Lead (Wiederman and Franz) . . 

Tin 

Tin (Wiederman and Franz) . . . 

Zinc 

Zinc (Wiederman and Franz) . . 
Silver 

Slate 

Granite and sandstone 

Marble, limestone, etc 

Portland cement 

Plaster of Paris 

Son 

Sand, white dry 

Chalk 

Firebrick 

Carbon 

Glass 

Diatomic earth 

ParaflGine 

Ice 

Sawdust 

Snow, packed 

Woods 

Strawboard 

Pasteboard 

Asbestos paper 

Blotting paper 

Felt 

Cotton wool 



5700 
4165 

23000 

25760 
3600 
4165 

11000 
2700 
2975 
6000 
5320 
5000 
9835 

35000 



5.23 
8.60 
1.52 
1.36 
9.74 
8.60 
3.18 
12.95 
11.75 
7 

6.58 
7 

3.56, 
1 



117 


300 


176 


199 


153-182 


228-192 


23.2 


1511 


22.8 


1531 


10.7 dry; 52.2 wet 


3270 dry; 6700 wet 


30.4 


1150 


6.52 


6370 


9.12 


3840 


13.2 


2650 


35.8 to 75 


978 to 467 


4.24 


8260 


7.50at 0°C. to 


4670 at 32° F. to 637 at 212 


55.0 at 100° C. 




72.7; 18.5 


481; 189.0 


3.92 


8940 


16.6 


2110 


9.8 w.g.; 2.94 a.g. 


3570 with grain; 11900 ac.g 


9.8 


3570 


14.7 


2380 


14.0 


2500 


4.9 


7150 


2.84 


12300 


1.4 


25000 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



69 



Table LIII — Continued 

RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 



Substance. 



Conductivity Carbon 
Dioxide =1. 



Resistance = 



Conductivity 
Silver =1. 



Cotton wool, pressed 

Flannel 

Haircloth 

Cork 

Leather, cowhide 

Water 

Methyl alcohol 

Methyl alcohol (De Heen) 

Ethyl alcohol 

Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg) 

Ethyl alcohol 90% (Henneberg) 

Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg) . 

Benzole 

Benzole (Weber) 

Petroleum 

Air 

Ammonia 

Ammonia (Plank) 

Ethylene 

Ethylene 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen (Stefan) 

Hydrogen (Kindt and Warberg) 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Oxygen (Stefan) 

Methane 

Methane (Stefan) 

Carbon monoxide 

Carbon monoxide (Kindt and Warberg) 

Carbon dioxide 

Carbon dioxide (Stefan) 

Carbon dioxide (Kindt and Warberg) . . 
Illuminating gas (Plank) 



1.08 
3.92 
1.37 
2.34 
13.7 



32400 
8930 

25600 
1495 
2560 



39.09 
16.12 
10.70 
13.78 
12.07 
12.53 
21.22 
10.83 
11.25 
11.56 



896 
2170 
3270 
2540 
2900 
2990 
1650 
3240 
3100 
3030 



1.85 

1.27 

1.7 

1.28 

1.37 

10.65 

12.97 

13.14 

1.71 

1.83 

1.89 

2.30 

2.57 

1.62 



81 
00 
15 
09 
94 



18900 

27600 

20600 

27400 

2960 

3280 

2960 

7100 

20450 

19100 

25500 

15200 

18500 

21600 

19300 

35000 

30400 

32100 

13600 



Table LIV 

COMPARISON OF CELLULOSE AND AVERAGE WOOD (Dry and Ash Free) 



Constituent. 



Carbon 

Hydrogen 

Oxygen 

Oxygen and nitrogen , 



Cellulose. 



44.44% 

6.17% 

49.39%, 



Wood, Average of 

Maple, Oak, Pine, 

Willow. 



49.2% 

6.1% 
"44!7%o 



Spores of Club Moss. 



63.0% 
8.6% 

28.4% 



70 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 









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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



73 



00'^COCOT-H»OTtHOOOCOC<l 

i-H'<tico'«:^>oo<:ocoGOO»o 

CDCXDOT-iOCiOt^COcOO 
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1> i-H b- O 1— I CXD O 

lO ^ t^ C<1 CO Oi GO 

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00 ^ CO 

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cocoot^'^oocoo-^'-Hoo 

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lO CO Oi -^ t^ CO CO 

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CO -rtl 1-H 05 

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00 00 '^ 

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o 



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lO t^ CO lO 00 (M o 
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io 00 o to 

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to to CO 
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to 1> to 

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to 
00 


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• 


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i-< tH tH tH 


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lO CO Tfi <M (N 
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so OS t^ OS 

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to 
to 


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• 


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00 

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to "^ -^ to to Tt< "^ 



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to to to 



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to to to 



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74 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 











ro 


o 


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10 


05 


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rH rH 1—1 1— 1 r-{ 




• 


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C<J 00 Oi 






p 


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CO Oi Oi <N CO (N 


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rji 


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t^ 05 Tjl CO 








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tH tH 


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3 


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00 
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se Creek, Ala., 


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W. Va., U. 
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U.S.G.S 


Upper Fre 
Lignitic fl 
Mahler. 
Pa. bit., C 
Saar onnl. 








a 


o 


1-1 (N CO 


Ttl 10 CO t^ 00 OS c 


y-i (N CO rtH iO 








^ 


c 

rH 


1— I 
1-1 


1—1 

T-l 


1—1 1—1 

i-< r-t 


1-1 

TH 


iH 


iH 
iH 


I— 1 1-1 

iH tH 


iH 
tH 


lH 


1-1 


rH iH 




i-l 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



75 



"^COi-lC0C^C0C0»O Tt<00 CO o 

(NtO00COCOO5-^T-H Oi-l O ■* 

»O00'-iO5O51>-O5>-i OOO (N (N 

(MCOrtHCOCOCOCO'* COCO (M Tt< 



CO Tt^ O t^ to 

O 00 to (N Tf< 

03 Tfi 00 Tt< to 

CO Tt< (N (M CO 



•to 1-) 

»o 00 

CO !>' 

CO -^ 



(M to 05 CO CO 
tH to CO CO CO 
O CO CO -^ CO 

oa 00 CO 1-H to 



CO 
CO 



00 



CO 05 
to (N 
Oi t^ 
(N CO 



tOTtit^COt-^t^C^JCO Oi Oi o o> 

•r^OiOi— lC00i(N05 COCO 00 00 

OOi-itOCO(NOCOTt< rJiCO 00 "^ 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO (NtO T-i CO 



1> CO CO T-H 00 
TjH (M O 1-H to 
rH <N rH CO 1>. 
CO CO <M tH (M 



O to 
<N CO 
CO 00 
(N CO 



(N CO T-H to rti 

05 CO CO CO "<*< 

CO 05 cq cxi 1:^ 

rH CO (N 05 CO 



o 



Oi 
00 
CO 



O (N 
(N O 



tOOOCOtOtOOOCO 

TttOCOCQOrHCOOO 


00 O) 
<N 05 


1^ 


00 


O 05 to (N 
00 O to !> Tt< 


to 

CO 1> 


(M CO to to Tti 
to O CD 1> CO 


CO 


o 
Tt< 


CO 00 

00 CO 


ooir^ososoooooo 


rH 


00 

r-i 


(N 


00 00 i-H "^ Oi 

1—1 


O tH 

rH 


CD T-i i-< CO 

1—1 1—1 rH 


to 


CO 

1-i 


CO 


to CO 

1-H 


Tj<toiOTtib-0-<^0 
C0t^00t0J>O(M00 


CO 05 
CO O) 


o 


. 


to to t>- 1—1 
(M T-i t>. • O 


o> 

OS 


.. 


o CO ■rt< 
cq 05 CO • 


. 


00 


c^ 
o 


l> CD 
CD t^ 


<Ni-l(NC<lTHCO(NrH 


CO 


CD 


• 


CO T-< 1-H 'CO 


tH 


• 


to rH • 


• 


TH 


Tt< 


T-i 


00<MCO00Oi(NTtH(M 
(N00OO000505O 


to 
• * 

o o 

rH (N 


05 
CO 


Oi 


to CO O) O CO 
to 05 05 CO CO 


00 

CO 00 


O O) 

<6 ^ a^ * 

1—1 to rH 00 


00 

O) 


* 

e 


to 


t^ rH 


OiOOOOOOOOOSOOOO 


CO 


■I— 1 


00 00 (M TtH O 

1-1 (N rH 


1—1 


00 


1-1 


CO 


CD l^ 

tH rH 


Tt<t^Tt<rt<COCOtoO 
CO ""^H "^^ Tt^ CI CQ CO CO 


o • 

to CO 
tH 




• 


1.33 

.55 

1.43 

1.44 


o> 

iH 


• 


t>. • CO • 

05 t^ -"^i to 

• 1-1 • (M 


'. 


rH 


00 
CO 


CD to 
1-t iH 


05COCOOrHCqi>.tO 

<MC^J>to05COtO'* 


00 CO 

rH 05 






(N 00 O to rH 
00 rH CO -^ CO 


to 

00 


lO 

to 


O l^ (M O to 

00 t^ ^ 00 00 


rH 

o 




cq o 


T-tCO'^C0CO(NC0'* 


00 to 

CO CO 


CO 
CO 


[2 


(M CO t^ to O 
t^ t^ CD CO t^ 


05 
CD 


CD 


1-1 CO rH 05 

CD Tfi t>. to 


00 


00 

to 


CO 

CO 


05 ^ 
CO t^ 


otocoo>tocooi>- 


to CO 

00 to 


CO 

to 


CO 


to '^ C<> 00 O 
C^ to 05 l> rH 


1-1 




1-1 to t>» 1-1 o 
<© (M CO to (M 


^ 


00 


to o 

CO to 


lOtOtOiOJOiOtOtO 


T}< (M 


T}1 


to 


to to "^ t}< to 


to CD 


■^ CO to Tt< CO 


TtH 


r}H 


to to 


lOOOCOiOtoOOcO 

TtllOCOC^OrHl>00 


00 Oi 
(N 0> 




00 


O 0> to (N 
00 • to !> tJI 


to 

CO l> 


(M CD to to rfi 

to o CO i> CO 


r-t 

CO 


^ 


CO 00 
00 CO 


OO5l>O5O5000000 


rH tH 


00 

1-H 


(M 


00 • rH rt< 05 




CD tH 1-1 CO to 

1— ( rH 1-1 


CO 


CO 

1-H 


to CO 


0(M'^OiOOO'^ 


cq to 

00 TJH 


CO 
CO 


• 


to CD CD 

00 • rH -co 


to 
o 


• 


tH to O 

lO Tjl Tt< . 


CO 


O) 


o 

05 


CO o 


OrHrH(MC<l(N(N»-l 

lOtOtotOtOtototO 






• 


O • (M • O 

to to to 


o 
to 


• 


CO i^ to • 

"TtH (M to 


to 


CO 

Tt< 


CO 


O Tt< 

to to 


OtOCOt^OOO'-H 
l>"<^(MCO(MC01>0) 


to CO 
Tjl CO 


00 


. 


O Oi Oi 
to • C<< • I> 


CO 


. 


CD Tt^ O 
1> CD CO • 


CO 
00 


CO 
1-1 


05 


CO 05 

1-1 o 


CON-OSt^COcOcOOO 
COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


h- 00 

CO (N 


1-H 

CO 


• 


CO CO CO 


to 

CO 


• 


1-1 00 T^ • 

CO CO CO 


T-t 


CO 
CO 


CO 


CO CO 


lOtOt^COOOOO) 


to CO 
r*< CO 


CO 


00 

to 


to CD rH CO 

00 • 05 !> TtH 


00 


to 

O) 


rH lO to TtH 
<N 00 CO rH 


CO 


CO 


1-i 

05 


cq to 

1> TtH 


C^THi-HTH(M(N<NrH 


CO to 


(M 


i-H 


(N • >0 (M 


CO 


CO 


to (M 00 CO 


1-H 


ir^ 


tH 


CO 00 


CO(MrHCOCOlOtOrH 
OC^C^i— IrHT-lrHi— 1 


O CO 
rH O 


o 

Oi 


05 
00 


»o r^ o 00 rH 
00 l> i> CO CO 


o 

CD 


1—1 

to 


O CO O Tji 

TH CO CO c^ 


o 


CO 
tH 


o 

T-i 


00 to 

05 O) 


^^ Tp "^^ ^gH ^T^ Tjl T^ ^^ 




CO 
1— 1 


CO 
1-1 


CO CO CO CO CO 

r-i l-i T-t T—i ■!—{ 


CO 
1-1 


CO 


CO CO CO CO 
1— 1 rH rH rH 


CO 


CO 
1—i 


CO 


CJ CI 

1-H r-i 



03 

e3 
W 

eg 

O 
»^ 

o" 
IB 
O 





Ph 



c3 
O 
u 

tH 

O 

ft 



TO 

W 

O 






.s"^ TO 

^ n '^ 






r-i - O 



^ C3^a1 



^H o3 o3 
OOO 

<!' ,-4 ,-1 



:3 






;h 



a; 



TO . 

Pq I— I 
°^ TO- 

S CD 

al 

o - 
-9 ^h' 



's ;h 
o 1 



^ o 
'to (2; 



fl 

03 

a 
o 



c3 



CO cS 
O o 



^- ^cc 



cc 



(U O) 0) 

|:^DQ;:^pHfiHpo2fiHm 



^ •+e 



o 

CO 






o3 

a' 

ft 

a 

03 



PI 
.g 

'a 

o3 



t3 



CO 

TO 

ft o* 

^1 



TO 

03 
03 

K 



73 
O 

cm 



ft:=! 

O HH 

CD O 

t-i '^ 

^a 









og - 






— — % 
o3 O 

C I— r 

'-H ^1 TO O 

i=^rr-( "^ 
(I) ~ 





cf ; 




^ • 




o • 




h-i • 




^ . 




o : 






•r^ O • 


•03' — 1 


:^1 : 


• - 03 • 


• CD ^ • 


• PI 


• 03 ^ • 


• ,fH O 


•fe;S • 




: .2 TO : 


.■73 -73 . 


. T 03 . 


:^ 


• 



03 



.g tH ,0 






o3 -iJ 



o3 

.t^ fe ftM 

?n s^ a^ 

.2P ft 3 "^ 
h-5 t)H:i 



O cfl 
TO '73 



O 

d 

ftCQ 



m „ 

iw 
a=g 

OS 

ft o 

,^'' o" 
5 13 

«o 

d r 
^ o 

a s 

c3 c3 
02 >-i 



rd 
O 

O 

O 



2 -^ 

c3 d CO 

1^ o 2 

- 5 Ph 
o O 
fl ^^-^ 
03,-^03 



£ 


;h 


o 








S-i 


rt 


P5 


a 


<]->' 


c3 


,bf) 


^ 


U 


i 


O 


^ 


> 




CQ 




-u 




0) 
-(J 


-o 


^ 






<u 


fl 


X 


ft 


bL 




o, 


H-l 


Sp 



CQ 

d 

(72 



H 

73 



-a 

73" 
PQ 
el a> 

>;^ 

a^^ 
o 1^ 



O 
a 



ft 

a 

P! 



o3 
O 

o 

>^ s 

fl ^73 



O 

IB 
o 

6 
O 

cl 
o 

TO 

t) 

o3 

t-5 



oir^oooiOrH(NcoTt< 
dcqcicacococococo 



to CD 
CO CO 



CO 



00 
CO 



05 O rH Cl CO 
CO Tft Tf ^ Tt< 



tH to 

Tt< TtH 



CD t^ CO 05 O 
tM -^ Tti Tt< to 



to 



Cl 

to 



CO 

»o 



76 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



.a 

O 






CO 

►J 

< 

O 
O 

O 
I— ( 

H 

CO 

HH 

H 
O 

<^ 
P^ 
<1 

w 

U 

o 

p^ 

o 
(1. 

o 

I— I 

p^ 
o 

< 
o 

Q 
o 



02 

o 

PL| 

o 
o 



p^ 



Oi2 



I " 



lo CO o 

TtH lO CO 

00 lo i> 

(M CO 1-1 



T'H 



00 CO ^ »o 

CD 00 00 CO 
00 t^ CO o 
(N CO CO tH 



CO 



05 



CO 



00 00 00 CO 
tH rJH lO TtH 
lO O (M T-H 
(M (N T^ 00 



05 

CO 
O 



00 iH 
CO (M 

»0 CT> 






r^ CO Tt^ 

CO O Tfl 
CO CO i-H 
(M (M tH 



CO »o 00 t^ 

CO ■<:*^ -^ CO 
1> CO CO CO 
1-1 O (N (N 



CO 



(N 



(N 



CO 



rt^ (N 00 rt< 
CO 05 (N CO 
T-i (N lO t^ 
1-1 (M CO CO 



00 

"^ 

00 



00 



00 



00 
CO 



^ 



<s\ 



^ m 



^ d 



^ -A 



^ d 



I— I 



^ 












OlM 



o o 



12.63 

4.10 

20.38 


t^ 00 00 »o 

CO CO Tt^ CO 

oi (N Tt^ d 


00 


00 
CO 

05 


t^ CO 00 
CO (M (N O 

co' d »o J> 

tH rH 




Cj5 

CO* 
1—1 


CO 

1—4 


T— 1 

CO 
1-1 


CO Tj^ CO 

CO 00 >o 


r^ (M to to 

CO CO TtH Oi 


CO 


1> 


CO O lO <M 
Tj< CO »0 tH 




o 


lO 


o 

CO 



00 



iO 



CO 



1> CO lO CO 



lO 



lO 



Tjl 



tH 



rH a> rfH 
C5 O CO 



t^ l> 00 



1^ (M CO O 
lO Tt< Oi CO 



lO 00 CO 00 



05 

o 



>o 



00 
CO 



(N 



CO CO «o 
O CO (M 



CO oq o Tt< 

1—1 1—1 1—1 00 



to 
CO 



o 



05 



1-1 Tt< 



CO 

to 



(N 



t^ 05 Oi 

O -"^ Oi 



CO -^ o CO 

Tj< to to T^l 






to 



1— I CO to • 
O -^ t^ Oi 



CO 



CO 



to 



(M to O 

o o o 



O iH (N 05 

to -"^ rH 1> 



00 rt< 
r-< CO 



00 to to 1-1 

00 1> TjH Ttl 



00 
1:^ 



CO 
CO 



rH t^ 

to 05 



to o o 

O 1> CO 



CO 1-1 O O 

CO t^ t^ t^ 



00 

CO 



1> 

CO 



<N CO (M 1-1 

CO CO r^ -^ 



1> 



o 

CO 



o 

CO 



CO 



'^ CO Tt^ 
O -^ CO 



CO CO Ol to 
tH to Tt^ to 



CO 
CO 



CO 
CO 



t^ 1:^ l^ 05 
O (M 1> (N 



CO 
00 



00 



00 
00 



to to Tt< 



to to to to 



to 



to 



to to to CO 



CO 



^ 



Tj< 



»o 



CO o 00 

CO rH CO 



!> 00 OO'tO 
CO CO rti CO 



o 
to 



00 

CO 



C5 CO 00 

CO (M (M O 



to 
o 



03 
05 



CO 1-1 

1> to 



(N "* O 

tH (M 



Oi <N '^ (M 



00 



05 



CO o to J>. 






CO 



-"^ 



CO 



o a> t^ 
00 ^ i> 



-<:iH (N (M O 
to (M 00 1-1 



to 
o 



1> 



CO CO I>- t^ 
05 C5 Tt< (N 



00 

o 



1^ 



CO 



CO 



CO CO o 

Tt< to -^ 



OS t^ O t^ 

Tj4 Tj4 to to 



05 



CO 



Oi CO Tfi CO 
CO rtH Tt< (M 



CO 
CO 



TtH 









O to to 
O tH CO 



Tti Thi CO to 
tH rJH CO !>• 



to 

o 



Oi 
05 



CM O rH 05 

05 05 Oi CO 



05 

CO 



O 



00 
CO 



OS 



t^ to to 

CO CO CO 



Tj< 1> 1> t^ 

CO CO CO CO 



CO 

CO 



00 

CO 



05 CO -^ CO 

CO CO -^ CO 



CO 



CO 



CO 



1^ 

CO 



t^ CO O 
to (N »o 



to CO (M O 

CO CO o to 



o 



CO 
CO 



CO to 05 CO 

00 00 CO (N 



00 



to 



CO 






CO OO CO 



CO (M 1> 00 



CO 



to 



CO to to CO 
CO 



rH 



to 



CO 



o o o 

Oi Oi Oi 



00 rH 1> to 
00 00 1> 1> 



1> 



o 



(N O O 00 

CO CO CO to 



00 



o 



O 

CO 



o 

CO 



(N (M (M 



(N (N (M <M 



(N 



(M 



C<J (N <M (M 



(M 



<M 



(N 



(N 



CO 

d 

CO 






o 

tn 

'a 

< 



•1-4 

a 

O 

02 

•H 






o3 



riH 



U Oh 

•2 3 

oS 

d : 

Q cl 



-4- o3 

«^ 
^§ 

03 Ui 

^^ 

q o 



O 



P^W 



c« 
bD 

CJ P-i 

O 
M CO 

o3 i-d 

h:iO 
•+^^ 6 

■ o3 rt 

;§'^ 

CI ce 

t— I 1-5 



OJ 



o 
IS 

O 
>^ 

.9 
I 

la 

It 






o3 



2 r^ 



'X3 



1^ 






i=l 
o 

•+3 

bD 

r— t 

W 

«^ 

•?^ 

acd 

|p 



;-! 
o3 
bfi 
bC 
o3 



>^ 

o 

bD 






• d 

• oi 



CO 6 S 

. ^ bD a; 



■o 

(0 
S-i 

■■o 



q;> 
bD 
t-< 
<v 

CI 

P^ 



a> 



o 
O 

a 
_o 

o3 






QD ^ 
Cl <U 

;r3 d 

^ o3 

WW 



d 
o 

p^p^m 



d crd 

2 d a 



.CO . 


m : 


:o : 


o : 


:co : 


CO : 


:P . 


P : 




^3 . 


. 1—1 


d . 


^ " 


HH 


: d 


- * 


• C ) 


o . 




U • 


• 'i>> 




: fe 


'¥. : 


• a 

• o 

• bD 


c3 ! 


• d 

• o 


^ : 


■^ 


•* * 






• •^ 




. d 


> . 


. <u 


(D . 


. o 


d . 


.id 


o . 


. o 


o . 


• O 


P5 . 


1 r 


! r *. 



5r! f^ 

go 



p^ 



(N d co' a C^' ■*" 
. . . O 

p^ p^ 



to 



to CO l^ 
lO to to 



00 05 O 1-1 
to to CO CO 



CO 



CO 
CO 



tH to CO t^ 
CO CO CO CO 



00 

CO 



05 

CO 



o 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



77 



a 
o 






CO O 
05 O 

o o> 



CO (M r-^ tH 

CO o t^ »o 

t^ CO (M O 

CO (N c<j as 



o 

CO 



05 CO O r-l 

CO ^ o 05 

O 00 TiH 1-1 

(M lO (N CO 



o t^ 

CO 1—1 



CO CO 
O CO 

Oi 1—1 



1-1 t^ Tf< 

O CO o 
rt^ 00 05 

1-1 t> o 



05 CO (M 1-H T^ (N 

">* lO ,— I 05 CO !>. 

"^ lO (N Oi »0 00 

i-t 05 (N O t^ t> 



CO 
CO 






CO ''J^ 

CO l:^ 
O t^ 



CO »o 1— I >o 

O O 1-1 Oi 

CO Tti 05 t^ 

l> rH O 00 






t>- O 1— I Oi 

t^ TtH lO 00 

t^ CO Tt< 0:1 

O TJH O O 



10 ca 

CO o 

rH O 



10 '!J^ 
10 O 
00 05 



1— < Oi 1— I 
05 O CO 

) - o o 

O 10 05 



1-1 t^ 10 00 
Oi 00 10 10 

"^ 1—1 CO CO 
Oi !>• O 05 



CO 

to 


CM 

CO* 

1—1 


CO a 


(N 

CO 

06 


13.81 
11.85 
18.5 


00 


(M OS rH 10 

(N 00 CO 

rH »0 1>- CO 
1— ( 1— I 1— 1 rH 


(M 

i> d 


00 

to 


1—1 

00 

d 


CO 
CO 


1—1 

OS 

d 


cq 

c<i 

T-l 


rH cq c^ 10 
i> to t^ 00 

d to* rt^ TjH 

T— 1 


'. 


• 


CO 
00 




10 


t^ OS 

T-t iO 

"^ CO 


rH 


00 
10 

(N* 


CO 


• 


CO 
tH* 


CO t^ (M 
J> 00 CO Ttl 

rH (M »0 CO 


CO CO 

CO r-i 


OS 

CO 


T-l 


00 

to 


CO 


CI 

cq 


CO rH CO 
CO CO CO 


Ttl 



T-l 


'. 


01 

CO 

to 


CO 
1-1 

1-1 


CO 
00 

CO 
1—1 


OS 
i-H b- 


OS 

CO 


OS 
OS 


(M 00 
to OS 

00 T}H 

tH 1—1 


CO 

10 
CO* 


OS t^ 
rH 10 

10 10 CO 

C^ 10 1—1 rH 


rH t^ 

r-i d 

C^ 1-1 





CO 
00 

to* 


to to 

OS rH 

^ t^ l>i 
(N oq 01 


00 OS 

OS OS 

d 00 d 
CO rH cq 


CO 

CO 

to 
cq 


OS 

T-l 


CO 

OS 


CO 
05 





• 

00 

• 1-1 


1-1 


1-1 


T— 1 


I 


OS 


CO • OS cq 

CO OS OS (N 
tH rH 


to 00 

OS 

rH 


(M 


CO 



T-l 


oq 
cq 

T-l 


• T-l 

rH t^ 

cq • 


tH ' OS 

OS OS 

• cq • 

1— 1 


to 

OS 


06 Tli 


CO 


tH 



(N 

CO 


OS 
to '^ 






(M* 

CO 


OS CO 

I> T-l 

rH* CO* 

CO tH 


10 

(M 

rH 

CO 


tH 10 OS 
"* 00 (M 00 

00 CO OS 
CO c^ 10 »o 


Tfl rH 

CO t^ 

xH d 
CO to 


rH 1— 1 
CO CO 

d i>I 

'^J^ to 


CO 

T-l 

tH 

CO 


CO CO 
t^ CO 

06 oq* 

CO to 


CO CO rH 
rH OS TJ^ 

to to 06 

to Tt< to 


CO 


cq' 

to 


CO 
oj 

00 


CO 

d 




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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



81 



o 


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CO 


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00 

1-1 


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CO rt< lO 

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rH 


CO 
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05 


1-H 


T— 1 


rt< 


CO 


00 


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05 


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o 


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JO 
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OCO'^OiOSiOOi lO Oi CO tHIOCO CO CM Tt< 

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 













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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



83 



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o o 

CO CO 


o 

CM 


o t^ 

CM 1-1 


O O O Oi 
tH Oi CO lO 


o 


o 


Oi O O 
CO CO CM 


O O 
C<J CM 


O O 
O Oi 


O Oi 

CO to 


CM CM 

iH 1—1 


CM 
1—1 


CM CM 

1—1 1—1 


CM 

iH 


CM CM 

tH 1— < 


CM iH tH rH 

1— 1 1—1 1—1 rH 


iH 
rH 


1-1 
1—1 


rH rH 1— 1 

r-l T-i r-i 


tH tH 
rH r-i 


^ o 

rH r-\ 


O O 

1-i tH 



cT 


CM CC 


m 


. ^ 


02 : 


s 


•dO 





• HH 
CO 


; 


o 


I^OQ 


CQ 


6 fl" 


02 : 


§ 


a^0 


P 


P : 


1 


Q_r 


TJ 


«iS 


: 




cop 

P r 
- 

>—< 


)— 1 
6 


Ob 

m 






A § 


-^ 


i's 


S : 


a 


W) 
133 


'r! 


», 


d ' 


PLI 
■-3' 


1 


1—1 <3J 

0.^ 


^ : 

'0 • 





^^ 


qT 




S : 








£ : 


c3 d -^ <U 


fl 


c3 ^ /-. 


S2 . 







w 
a <^ 


!3 

r-j 


a • 
: 
p;cM 


«*H 


Gk ace 

s a- 
PS 


«4-l 


go o;^ 


^^ 


"^ 


t^ 


«« 


(^ 


hSnS 


rt 




r^ 


00 Oi 





rH CM 


CO 


rH »0 


CD t^ 00 Oi 





T-l 


CM CO rH 


Uti CD 


t^ 00 


Oi 


CO 


CD CO 


Ir^ 


t^ l> 


t>- 


t>. l^ 


t> t^ t^ 1:^ 


00 


00 


00 00 00 


00 00 


00 00 


00 Oi 


r-l 


iH iH 


iH 


rH iH 


rH 


iH rH 


?H iH tH rH 


r-i 


tH 


rH tH rH 


rH 1-i 


r-l r-i 


r-l rH 



86 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



o 



Hi 

pq 



< 
Q 

Eh 
I— I 

o 



< 

o 
o 

o 

w 

l-H 

H 

h^ 

W 

H 

pq 

O 
O 



o p . 



Pi 






CO (N "<!*< lO t^ 
O lO O Tt< I© 



•quioo HI -lOA Xq papjA 
-IP t^S^l X -qmoo 
uj o eeai '-qraoo 

='ioA'qT: 'nia 



+ 



Q 



o 
O 



13 

a 

o 
Ah 









^ 



OIZIOQ 



O^ 



K^ 



Ah 












M 



a 



05 !>. O 00 
Oi 05 C^ lO 
O 05 1— I 00 
O lO (N 00 



<N rj< lO CO 

Oi CO CO O 

00 Oi C5 1— I 

■<*i CO iO CO 



05 CO (N Oi 05 
05 O <M rH t^ 
Tt< O Tt^ lO 00 

t^ lO 1> -* »o 



T-i t>. !> lO 

Oi CO lO (M 
CO Oi CO CO 
(N 00 CO O 



O O 

"^ Oi 

Tt^ CO 

00 00 



o 

CO 



CO »0 1-1 <N (N 
00 © CO 00 CO 



'>!t^ t>- CO CO (N 
CO CO CO CO CO 



Oi o 

CO 05 



CO (M 



05 
CO 



05 



CO 



lO tH TjH 

CO (M 1-1 



05 1>- tH !>. T-H 

io io CO ^ CO 



''^i^ 00 
rtH O 



O 1-4 



Tt4 






i-<rt<OiCO"^ 00(M ir^ 

OOOCOCJSiO COO r-* 



CO O CO lO CO 



lO CO 



CO 



CO CO t^ (M 

lO rt^ O O Tt< 



1— I Tt< 1— I rH O 

»0 CO ^ CO "* 



rtt t^ CO 00 
■* CO 05 C5 lO 



00 »0 00 00 05 

■^ CO Tt^ CO ^ 



O 00 o o o 

00 1> CO CO TjH 


s 


i> 00 


CO 


^ 


O5O5O5O5O5O50000t^l> 



d 






2 

• l-t 

o 



a 

( 

a 

|! 

pq 



o 

d 

02 

§^ 



fl rv. 
-u -U M< 



O 

0) o 

't 

o 



o 
O 



a» 






a 

H 



a» 






^ 03 a 



W^2^,?i^ 



03 



d 
o 



bC o3 

3 'a 
«^ 

55^-0 . 
pinCQPQpqOO 



o3 r 

O T3 
o O 

- 9 



5; o3 '^ 

^--^ ?? 

03 ^ O 

^ a ^ 

O o3 a> 



Ci 



(MCOTt<tOCOt^00050 
rHTHTH»-<THr-lr-(TH<N 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



87 






CO 



< 

& 

O 

o 

< 
w 

<< 

O 
O 

P^ 

o 

o 
I— ( 

o 



02 
02 

< 









o 










-_ 








lO 


iH 




v 
u 








CM 


iO 






cq 






O 


O Tjfe 


05 




lO 


»-l 


y-i 






7—1 


1-1 




73 


1 §2 


O 




»o 


o 


o 






o 


3 




1^ 


Vol! 

Ash 
oistu 


o 




o 
OS 
















^ 








i6 


1-1 






tH 


r-l 




O 


■ caking 

T coal, 

in gas 


o g 


bJ3 






03 DO 

O ^ 






a 


• i-H 

03 


bO 

a w) 


bC 






« bC 

.a 


Sand coal, 
in gas 




OS 


1 

< 


Semi - 
sinte 
poor 


Cak: 
coki 


Cakin 
coal 






Sinter 
rich 


iner's 
■man 
mes. 


o 


oal, 
flame 


al, long 
e 


bC 




oal, 
t flame 




i 


V bc 




-*i 


o 






o 


A -^ 


o3 ^ 


(^ 


o 


03 GQ 




H^l 


Q 


f^ 


P^ 




P=H 






bD a> 










00 




•S § 




'^ 




I— ^ 


<nS 


OJ 


'^ i3 




o 




o3 


-" S 


."S 


03 ^ 




o 




O 


§Z 


'o 


« bC 


O 
u 

'i 


<o 




o 


g^ DO 

a 


03 


Non - 
coal. Ion 


3 




bD 
O 


W 


<1 


o 


^ 




O 






O O CO 


o o o 


00 o o 


-rH 


O 00 


(N O ""^^ 






OS -M 00 


CO -^J iO 


CO -t^ o 


!>. 


-+j CO 


00 -^J 1> 


6 


c5 


CO o ^ 


o o • 


o o • 


lO 


O '-I 


lO Q lO 






"^ ^ iO 


1-4 -t^ 05 
1—1 


rH -+J rt< 
tH 


lO 


•+^ tH 


lO -^^ CD 


















'o 


w 




Tl< ^ »0 


-22 




o9 


Tj5 -^ »0 




a 


















• 














03 


















^ 


o 


CO o o 


o o o 


»o o o 


C5 


o ^ 


rH o 00 




03 


a -^^ Oi 


CO -M t>. 


00 -t^ 00 


00 


+^ 00 


05 ->^ 00 


^ 


<J 
















o 

3 
















1 


03 


te and 
anthra- 


o 

a c3 
'a a 


bitumi- 
al, long 
as coal. 


03 

o 
o 




bitumi- 
lal 






TO 




bC " o 


bC 


•s 

fe 






nthr 
semi 
cite. 


^ bD 


•s g a 


.a 


a,,-; 

O o3 


.a s 






riii O 03 


'^ 


fri O 


"r^ O 






^ a ^ 


03 


ft o 


(^ fl 






< 


Q 


o 


o 




o 






'V 




f3 




; 








a 


t-^ 






03 






r— ^ 


(^ 


03 


CQ 


• 


O 




u 


c3 


GQ 


o 




'^ 


c;) 




B 


O 


fl 


o 


bC 


o 


bD 




as 




<y -^' 


ki 


C 


u 


a 




^ 


T3 
G 
03 

02 


Molt 
coa 


3 










a> 02 


1 (D -tJ 


1 -»-> 


t 


"Xi 


rk XJ 


-O CI 


3 03 


irtly melts, residu 
mainly powder, res 
soft. 


S P 


a 


^-< 




Jehavior of Powdere 

iample on Heating i: 

Crucible. 


Desnot melt, resid 
powder, same 
coal. 


elts, residue coi 
pact and hard b 
not puffed. 


o 
o 

72, 


pact and ha 
somewhat puffed 


elts thoroughly, r* 
idue very hard a 
very much puffed 


.\ t- 


HVJ 






IQ 




1 (S 




1 s 




;^ 




1 s 1 



88 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table LVIII 
PARAFFINES (C„H2„+2) FROM PENNSYLVANIA PETROLEUM 







Boiling-point. 




Molec- 


Composition 
by Weight. 




Formula. 






Specific Gravity 
at 32° F. 


ular 
Weight 




Name. 














«C. 


-p 




Approx. 


%c. 


%H. 




Methane 


CH4 









16 
30 


75 

80.12 


25 


Gas 


Ethane 


.446 


19.98 


Propane 




-25 


-13 


.536 


44 


81.84 


18.16 




Butane 


C4H10 
C6Hi2 




38 


32 
100.4 


.60 

.627 at 57 


58 

72 


82.76 
83.33 


17.24 




. Pentane normal . . 


16.67 










.628 










Pentane iso 


C5H12 


30 


, 86 


.658 at 68 


72 


83.33 


16.67 




Hexane normal . . . 


CeHi* 


69 


156.2 


.664 


86 


83.76 


16.24 


' 


Hexane iso 


CeHu 


61 


141.8 


.683 at 68 


86 


83.76 


16.24 




Heptane normal . . 


C7H16 


97.5 


207.5 


.699 


100 


84.00 


16.00 




Heptane iso 


C7H16 


91 


195.8 


.702 at 68 


100 


84.00 


16.00 




Octane normal. . . . 


CgHis 


125 


257 


.703 


114 


84.21 


15.79 




Octane iso 


CgHis 


118 


224.4 


.718 at 68 


114 


84.21 


15.79 




Nonane 


C9H20 
C10H22 


136 
173 


276.8 
343.4 


.741 
.73 at 68 

.757 


128 
142 


84.38 
84.51 


15.62 


1 


Decane 


15.49 










Endecane 


C11H24 


182 


359.6 


.774 at -15 


156 


84.62 


15.38 


Liquid 










.765 










Dodecane 


C12H26 


198 


388.4 


.773 at -10 

.776 


170 


84.71 


15.29 




Tridecane 


C13H28 


216 


420.8 


.792 


184 


84.78 


15.22 




Tetradecane 


C14H30 


238 


460.4 


.775 at 39 


198 


84.85 


15.15 




Pentadecane 

Hexadecane 


C15H32 
C16H34 


258 
280 


496.4 
536. 




212 
226 


84.92 
84.96 


15.08 




.775 at 64 


15.04 




Octodecane 

Eicosane 


CisHss 

C20H42 
023H48 


205 
234 


401. 
453. 




254 

282 
324 


85.02 
85.10 

85.18 


14.98 




.778 at 99 
.779 at 118 


14.90 




Tricosane 


14.82 






C25H62 

C^27li66 









352 
380 


85.23 

85.26 


14.77 


r Paraffine (myricle) 
Solid < Paraffine (c.er^/\) . . 




14.74 


C30H62 


370 


698 




422 


85.31 


14.69 











ETHYLENES (C„H2„) AND NAPHTHALENES (C„H2„_6+H6) FROM RUSSIAN 

PETROLEUM 



Ethylenes 
Ethylene. . . 
Propylene. . 
Butylene. . . 
Amylene. . . 
Hexylene. . . 
Heptylene . 
Octylene. 



Naphthalenes , 



Oct. Naphthalene 



Nonylene . 
Diamylene 



Dodeca Naphthalene 



Triatoylene . . 
Tetraamylene 



C2H4 


gas 




CsHs 


gas 




C4H8 


1 


33.8 


C5H10 


36 


96.8 


C6H12 


70 


158 


C7H14 


84 


183.2 


CgHie 


119 


246.2 


CsHio+He 


136 


276.5 


C9H18 


.... 




C10H20 


161 


321.8 


C11H22 


180 


356 


C12H24 


• • • • 




C12H18+H6 


196 


384.8 


C14H28 


240 


464. 


CifiHso 


248 


478.4 


C20H40 


over 


over 




390 


734 



.635 

,76 
,714 
,733 
,771 

,777 



,803 



28 


85.7 


42 


85.7 


56 


85.7 


70 


85.7 


84 


85.7 


98 


85.7 


112 


85.7 


106+6 


85.7 


126 


85.7 


140 


85.7 


154 


85.7 


168 


85.7 


162+6 


85.7 


196 


85.7 


210 


85.7 


280 


85.7 



14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 
14.3 



14, 
14 
14, 
14. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table LIX 



89 



CALORIFIC POWER OF MINERAL OILS BY CALORIMETER AND 
CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF 



Class of Oil. 



Sp.gr. 

at 
15° C. 



Degree B6. 



B.T.U. per Pound. 



Calo- 
rimeter. 



Calcul. 
S.&K.Form. 



Error. 

% 



Gasolene 

Gasolene 

Gasolene 

Gasolene 

Kerosene 

California, refined. . . 
West Virginia, crude 
Kerosene 



Ohio, crude 

Pennsylvania, crude. 
California, refined . . . 

Kansas, refined 

West Virginia, crude , 
California, refined . . . 
West Virginia, crude . 



Pennsylvania, crude, 

Ohio 

Indian Territory. . . 



Indian Territory . . 
California, refined, 
Kansas, crude. . . . 



Kansas, crude, 
Illinois, crude. 



California, refined . . . , 
Pennsylvania, fuel oil , 



Pennsylvania, fuel oil , 
Indian Territory .... 



Kansas, crude , 

Pennsylvania, fuel oil . 
Kansas, crude 



.71 

.7175 

.72 

.7709 

.7830 

.7850 

.7945 

.795 

.7964 

.8048 

.8059 

.8080 

.8103 

.8237 

.8248 

.8261 

.8321 

.8324 

.8418 

.8421 

.8436 

.8466 

.8500 

.8510 

.8514 

.8534 

.8580 

.8597 

.8616 

.8640 

.8648 

.8660 

.8670 

.8690 

.8708 

.8712 

.8745 

.8773 

.8800 

.8807 

.8810 



67.2 

65.1 

64.4 

51.6 

48.8 

48.35 

46.2 

46.1 

45.8 

44.0 

43.7 

43.2 

42.8 

40.0 

39.7 

39.5 

38.2 

38.2 

36.3 

36.25 

36.0 

35.4 

34.7 

34.5 

34.45 

34.05 

33.20 

32.8 

32.5 

32.05 

31.9 

31.65 

31.5 

31.1 

30.8 

30.7 

30.1 

29.6 

29.0 

29.0 

28.9 



21120 

20389 

20527 

20038 

20018 

20014 

20030 

20135 

20236 

20068 

20057 

19802 

19963 

19766 

19827 

20021 

19757 

19782 

19710 

19795 

19924 

19685 

19715 

19724 

19701 

19784 

19389 

19379 

19741 

19555 

19656 

19555 

19530 

19534 

19654 

19614 

19354 

19428 

19447 

19435 

19435 



20938 

20854 

20726 

20314 

20206 

20194 

20098 

20094 

20082 

20010 

19998 

19979 

19962 

19850 

19838 

19830 

19778 

19778 

19702 

19698 

19690 

19666 

19638 

19630 

19630 

19610 

19578 

19562 

19550 

19530 

19526 

19516 

19510 

19494 

19482 

19478 

19454 

19434 

19410 

19410 

19406 



- .91 
+2.33 
+ .99 
+1.38 
+ .92 
+ .89 
+ .33 

- .20 

- .76 

- .29 

- .29 
+ .88 
± .00 
+ .42 
+ .05 

- .05 

+ .11 

- .02 

- .04 

- .48 
-1.17 

- .09 

- .38 

- .47 

- .35 

- .86 
+ .95 
+ .95 

- .95 

- .12 

- .65 

- .19 

- .10 

- .20 

- .86 

- .68 
+ .50 
+ .03 

- .18 

- .47 

- .15 



90 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table LIX — Continued 

CALORIFIC POWER OF HYDROCARBON OILS BY CALORIMETER AND 

CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF 



No. 



42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 



Class of Oil. 



Kansas, crude. . , 
Indian Territory, 



Indian Territory, 
Texas, crude. . . . 



Kansas, crude, 



Kansas, crude. . . 
Texas, crude. . . . 
Texas, crude. . . . 
Texas, crude. . . . 
California, crude. 

Fuel oil 

California, crude. 
California, crude. 
Texas, crude. . . . 
California, crude, 



Sp.gr. 

at 
15 °C. 



.8820 
.8828 
.8833 
.8860 
.8862 
.8900 
.8914 
.8970 
.9007 
.9050 
.9065 
.9066 
.9087 
.9114 
.9137 
.9153 
.9155 
.9158 
.9170 
.9179 
.9182 
.9336 
.9644 



Degrees B6. 



28.75 

28.7 

28.5 

28.0 

28.0 

27.3 

27.1 

26.1 

25.4 

24.7 

24.45 

24.4 

24.1 

23.6 

23.2 

22.95 

22.9 

22.9 

22.7 

22.5 

22.5 

20.0 

15.2 



B.T.U. per Pound. 



Calo- 
rimeter. 



19643 
19249 
19474 
19454 
19372 
19418 
19242 
19355 
19359 
19228 
19352 
19089 
19282 
19303 
19028 
19246 
19008 
18572 
19103 
18779 
18985 
19080 
18589 



Calcul. 
S.&K. Form 



19400 

19396 
19390 
19370 
19370 
19342 
19332 
19294 
19267 
19238 
19228 
19226 
19213 
19194 
19178 
19168 
19166 
19166 
19157 
19150 
19149 
19048 
18858 



Error, 
% 



-1.22 
+ .73 

- .42 

- .42 

- .01 

- .39 
+ .45 

- .31 

- .47 
+ .05 

- .63 
+ .69 

- .35 

- .55 
+ .76 

- .39 
+ .80 
+2.58 
+ .28 
+ 1.94 
+ .83 

- .16 
+ 1.42 



Table LX 
PROPERTIES OF OIL GAS 





Description. 


Volumetric Analysis. 


At 32° F. and 29.92" Hg Pressure. ' 


No. 


CH* 


H2 


£6 


CO. 


CO2. 


O2 


N2 


Lbs. 
Cu.Ft. 


Cu.Ft. 
per Lb. 


B.T.U.>per 
Cu. Ft. 


B.T.U. per 
Lb. 




High. 


Low. 


High. 


Low. 


1 

2 
3 

4 


Thwaite oil gas. . . . 
Pintsch American oil 
Pintsch American oil 
Oil gas 


63.19 
63.1 
61.2 
58.3 

58.0 

54.9 

53.7 

52.5 
48. 

35.4 

19. 


31.61 
5.6 
6.4 

24.3 

24.3 

5.6 

4.8 

18.5 
32. 

6.6 

16.85 


27'a 
28.3 
17.4 

17. 

28.9 

41.2 

23.5 
16.5 

49.4 

44.83 


.4 
.4 
.2 

8.9 
.2 

1.0 

1.5 
.63 


'.9 

.9 

.5 
1.4 


'.8 
.7 

.5 
5.0 

.3 

.24 


5.06 

.1 

3.5 
3.0 

1.15 


.03427 
.05142 
.05109 
.04313 

.04081 

.0591 

.05726 

.04777 
.04318 

.05972 

.04670 


29.18 
19.45 
19.6 
23.2 

24.5 

16.92 

17.46 

17.32 
23.16 

16.750 

21.41 


893.5 
1173. 
1260.7 

995,9 

990.2 

1126.8 

1294.8 

1157.5 
901.3 

1390.7 

1043.1 


818.0 
1074. 
1064. 

803.9 

898. 

1034.8 

1192.0 

966.5 
716. 

1107. 

966.0 


26072 
22815 
24710 
23096 

24260 

19065 

22607 

20060 
20874 

23282 

22333 


23869 
20889 
20854 
18650 


6 
6 
7 


Pintsch gas from 
petroleum residue 

Pintsch gas from 
paraflSne oil 

American petroleum 
oil gas 


22000 
17509 
20812 


8 


Pintsch gas, Moore- 
head 


16940 


q 


General 


16583 


10 


Crude oil Retort gas, 
England 


18542 


11 


English shale oil gas, 
Young and Bell. . . 


20682 



The hydrocarbon analyses in this table for oil gas are quite imcertain, but less so than the hydrocarbons equiva- 
lent to kerosene and gasolene. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table LXI 

COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GASES 



91 



Source. 



West Virginia 

Kansas 

Caucasus 

Caucasus 

Kokomo, Ind 

Kokomo, Ind 

St. Mary's, Ohio . . 

Marion, Ind 

Marion, Ind 

Findlay, Ohio 

Findlay, Ohio 

English 

Russian 

Caucasus 

Anderson, Ind. . . . 
Anderson, Ind. . . . 

Ohio 

Fostoria, Ohio. . . . 

Muncie, Ind 

Muncie, Ind 

Findlay, Ohio 

Caucasus 

Caucasus 

Leechburg, Pa. . . . 
Penna. & W. Va. . . 
West Virginia 

Butler County, Pa 
Butler County, Pa 

U. S 

Pittsburgh, Pa. . . . 

Penna 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

U. S 

U. S 

U. S 

U. S 



Authority 



Report Gas Eng. 

Com. N.E. L.A... 
Report Gas Eng. 

Com. N.E. L.A... 

Bunsen 

Bunsen 

Levin. 

Eng. & M. J 

Levin 

Lucke 

Eng. & M. J 

Levin 

Eng. & M. J 

Levin 

Lewes 

Lewes 

Bunsen 

Eng. & M.J 

Levin 

Lewes 

Eng. & M. J 

Levin 

Eng. & ]\I. J 

GiU 

Lucke 

Bunsen 

Bunsen 

Hoyle 

Allen & Burrell 

Report Gas Eng. 

Com. N.E. L.A... 

Hoyle 

Hoyle 

Ford 

Levin 

Jiiptner 

Hoyle 

Ford 

Ford 

Ford 

Ford 



Volumetric Analysis. 



O2 



.25 



.3 

.3 

.35 

.35 

.55 

.55 

.39 

.39 



CH4. C2H6. 



.42 

.42 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.35 

.3 

.34 



.15 



1.1 

.8 



.78 
2.1 



99, 

98, 
97, 
95 
94, 
94, 
93, 
93, 
93, 
93. 
93. 
93. 
93. 
93. 
93. 
93. 
93. 
92, 
92. 
92, 
92. 
92. 
92. 
92. 
92. 
89. 
83. 

81. 
80. 
75. 
72, 
72. 
67, 
67, 
65, 
60, 
57, 
49, 



5 
e 

3 

57 

56 

16 

16 

85 

85 

57 

57 

35 

35 

16 

1 

09 

07 

07 

84 

84 

67 

67 

6 

6 

49 

24 

65 



5 
11 

44 

18 

18 





75 

7 

85 

58 



35 



H2. CO. C2H4. N2. CO 



.7 

.42 

.74 

.14 

.2 

.4 

.64 

.84 

.98 

.98 

.86 

.01 

.89 

.89 

.5 

.35 

.3 

.18 

.94 



4.79 



.2 
13.5 

6.1 
20.6 
20. 
22. 
22. 
26.12 
29.03 

9.64 
35.92 



.25 
2.69 
4.4 
.55 
.55 
.44 
.44 
.6 
.6 
.41 
.41 
1.0 



.73 

.73 

.55 
.4 
.45 
.5 
.5 
.93 
3.50 
26 



1. 
1. 

.6 

.6 

.8 
.58 
1.0 
.4 



.3 
.3 

.2 

.2 

.15 

.15 

.35 

.35 



.47 
.47 

.20 

.25 

.25 

,3 

.31 



4.39 



5.72 
18.12 

3.0 
1.0 
5.0 



12.3 



1.2 



8 

8 

98 

98 

42 

42 

41 

41 

9 

9 

49 

02 

02 

82 

82 

53 

53 

5 

61 

13 



.29 
.29 



.3 
.3 
.25 



2.18 
2.18 
.26 
.26 
.75 
.20 

.25 
.3 
2.6 



.35 



.6 



.55 



3.0 
3.0 



23.41 



.66 
.34 

.8 
.8 
.6 
.6 
.6 



92 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 









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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



93 



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005 O050SO5000505OOO ooo 

C<li-I (NtHi-Ht-4t-1tHi-I(M(M(M (N(N(N 



|>.i— iioiOOcOOlOsOS 
005t^Tt^005000 
(M(MCOCO(Ml:^OOGOOO 
005050T-IOOOO 
C^rH,-H(M(N(N(M(N(M 



00(NO5O5(NOSi-l,-HT-r»O«O'-t 
OiO0500rt^05'^Tt<O"^WC0 
OOl>.tD(MOOOCOCOGOOiOO 
05OO05O05OOO'-'O(N 
i-i(N(Nr-i(Mi-i(M(NC^C^C^C<J 



«OcOCOCOi-HTHrHCOOOOOTiHOOOTt<iOOO'^i>'t>l>iO»0»00505eOCDcOOC005CO»0»0 
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^-^t-H^-HT-HT-^rHl-^THCO(^5COCOCOCOCOCO■^'*■*'^rt^U50cO^'^>•^'^-OOOOG0000005^--^1— I 

Oi0505050i0505050305050iOi05050505050i0505050505050i050i050i0505050500 
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94 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



X! 



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t-iocOiOTjHTt<^COCOCOCOCq(M(M(N<N(NTHi-iOOOOOOO 
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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



95 



rt< to (N b- »0 

C<«»OOOt>OOCOeOOO(M(M005 



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rH 1-1 Tfi (N (N 

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cm" 00 (M (N ci 


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1-; . . .IN 


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1-4 Tt< 00 T-l tH 

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D5 (N (M 1-* ^H 


rH 


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CO CO 




CO CO (N 


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»0 CO 00 o • • 
OOC00005000i-<TjH • • 


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00 


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96 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 









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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



97 



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98 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table LXIV 

COMPOSITION OF UNITED STATES COKE 

(Mainly from U. S. Geological Survey Reports) 



/ 



Origin. 



From Connelsville bituminous coal, 72 hours roasting 
From Connelsville bituminous coal, 48 hours roasting 
Foundry Ganley Mountain, U.S. Geological Survey. . . 

Foundry Milwaukee Solvay, U.S.G.S 

From Connelsville, U.S.G.S 

From Alabama coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1 

From Arkansas coal, U.S.G.S. No. 6 

From lUinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 2 

From Illinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 3 . . 

From Indiana coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1 

From Indian Territory, U.S.G.S. No. 2 

From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 1 

From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 3 

From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 1 

From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 4 

From Missouri, U.S.G.S. No. 2 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 1 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 2 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 3 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 4 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 5 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 6 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 10 

From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 12 

Connelsville average of 3, J. B. Proctor 

Chattanooga, Tenn., average of 4, J. B. Proctor 

Birmingham, Ala., average of 4, J. B. Proctor 

Pocahontas, Va., average of 3, J. B. Proctor 

New River, W. Va., average of 8, J. B. Proctor 

Big Stone Gap, Ky., average of 7, J. B. Proctor 

Alabama, run-of-mine, foundry, Moldenke 

Alabama washed slack, foundry, Moldenke 

Colorado washed slack, foundry, Moldenke 

Illinois washed slack, foundry, Moldenke 

Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke 

Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke 

Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke 

Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke 

Virginia, foundry, Moldenke 

Virginia, foundry, Moldenke 

West Virginia, foundry, Moldenke 

West Virginia, foundry, Moldneke 

Proposed standard foundry coke specification 



Moist- 
ure. 



.23 

.19 

.75 

.27 

.18 

.33 

1.30 

1.57 

.96 

1.16 

2.60 

2.11 

1.80 

.51 

.52 

2.18 

.40 

.59 

.38 

.20 

.42 

1.00 

.60 

1.00 



1.34 
.75 
.44 

2.78 
.23 
.91 
.22 

1.67 
.16 

1.52 
.67 
.60 
.5 



Vol- 
atile. 



1.32 
.51 
.35 

.48 
.32 

.72 



2.85 
2.83 

.44 
1.24 
1.85 
1.79 
1.95 

.84 

.73 
1.82 
1.95 
1.31 

.87 
1.15 

.43 
1.85 

.55 

.75 



1.03 

.75 
1.31 

.74 

.29 
2.26 

.11 
1.6 

.80 
1.67 

.46 
2.35 

.75 



Fixed 1 
Carbon. 



88.18 

89.6 

86.38 

89.63 

88.75 

82.63 

78.84 

75.42 

87.08 

84.81 

80.25 

77.01 

78.64 

93.25 

86.40 

81.34 

87.47 

86.70 

84.48 

85.42 

84.34 

89.60 

90.34 

90.37 

88.96 

80.51 

87.29 

92.53 

92.38 

93.23 

83.35 

86.00 

82.18 

83.35 

92.53 

80.84 

92.44 

76.87 

93.24 

88.52 

95.47 

84.09 

89.75 



Ash. 



10.27 
9.7 
12.52 
9.62 
10.75 
16.32 
17.01 
20.18 
11.52 
13.19 
15.30 
19.09 
17.61 
5.40 
12.35 
14.66 
.18 
11.40 
14.27 
13.23 
14.81 
7.55 
8.51 
7.88 
9.74 
16.34 
10.54 
5.74 
7.21 
5.69 
14.28 
11.50 
16.07 
13.13 
6.95 
15.99 
7.23 
19.86 
5.80 
8.29 
4.00 
12.96 
9.0 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



99 



Table LXV 

PRODUCTS OF BITUMINOUS GAS COAL DISTILLATION (Juptner; 

(Variation with coal composition) 



Coal from 


Pas De Calais. 


England. 


Commentry 


Blanzy. 




' Moisture 

Ash 


2.17 2.70 
9.04 7.06 


3.31 
7.21 


4.34 
8.80 


6.17 
10.73 








Coal composition, 


O2 


5.56 6.66 
5.06 5.36 
88.38 86.97 
1 1 


7.71 
5.40 
85.89 
1 


10.10 
5.53 

83.37 
1 


11.70 


per cent by weight 


H2 


5.64 




C 


81.66 




I N2 


1 










r Gas 


13.70 15.08 
3.90 4.65 
4.59 5.57 

71.48 57.63 
6.33 7.07 


15.81 
5.08 
6.80 

64.90 
7.41 


16.95 

5.48 

8.61 

60.88 

8.08 


17.00 




Tar 


5.59 


Products of distilla-, 
tion, per cent by- 


Ammonia water 
Coke 


9.86 
58.00 


weight 


. Coal dust 


9.36 


Ga^ produced per ^^j^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^ 
kg coal 


30.13 31.01 


30.64 


29.73 


27.44 




fCOo 


1.47 1.58 
6.68 7.17 

54.21 52.79 

34.37 34.43 

.79 .99 

2.48 3.02 


1.72 

8.81 

50.10 

35.03 

.96 

3.98 


2.79 
9.86 
4.5.45 
36.42 
1.04 
4.44 


3.13 




CO 


11.93 




H2 


42.26 


4 

Volumetric analysis 


CH4 


37.14 




.88 


of gas 




4.76 









Table LXVI 
AVERAGE DISTILLATION PRODUCTS OF CRUDE MINERAL OILS (Robinson) 



ClasB. 


Name of Product. 


Average 

Per Cent 

Yield. 


Specific Gr. 
60° F. 


B6. 


Boiling- 
Point, F. 






f Cjrmogene 


small 
.1 

1 -1.5 

10 

2 - 2.5 
2- 2.5 

12 -20 
40 -55 


.590 

.625-. 631 
.635-.658 
.680-. 700 

.717-. 72 
.742-. 745 
.780-. 785 
.800-. 810 
.85 

.885-. 920 
.980 


107 
94-92 
91-83 
76-70 

65 

58 

49 

44 

35 
28-22 

13 


32 

64 
86-158 
140-212 
175-250 
212-265 
300-^75 
300-700 




Petroleum ether. . . . 


Rhigolene 






, Gasolene 




Petroleum spirit. . . . 


' C naphtha (benzene) . . 
■ B naphtha 


^ 




I A naphtha (benzene) . 
r Water white 








Lamp kerosene 

Intermediate 


\ Ordinary kerosene. . . . 
Gas oil 


1 


Heavy oils 


r Lubricating oil 

\ Paraffine 


17.5 

2 
5 -10 






I Residue and loss 




Petrol 


Gasolene or benzene . . 
Kerosene 


5 -16 
30 -40 
10 -12 
12 -15 
25 -40 

3 -5 

10 -15 


.725-. 765 
.817-. 828 
.840-. 860 
.870-. 897 
.908-. 912 
.915-. 920 

.900-. 950 


63-53 
41-39 
37-33 
31-26 

24 
23-22 

25-17 






Lamp oils 




Intermediate 


Solar oil 






C Spindle oil 





Lubricating oils .... 


•j Engine oil 


a 




, Cylinder oil 


at 
m 


Fuel oil 


Residue, astatki or 
gondron 


rt 

















100 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 
Table LXVII 



FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS 





Clasa and Density of Original. 


Volumetric 
Per Cent 
Distilled. 


Temperature of 
Distillation. 


Specific 

Gravity of 

Distillate, 

60° F. 


Density, 
Baum6. 


No. 


Deg. F. at 
Beginning. 


Deg. F. at 
End. 


1 


American kerosene 
Robinson 
Sp.gr. .797 
BL 45.67 


23 
11 

8 

9 
10 
16 

7 
3 

Left as res. 
13 


257 
302 
347 
392 
437 
482 
527 
572 

680 


302 
347 
392 
437 
482 
527 
572 
680 


.748 

.767 
.783 
.794 
.807 
.821 
.831 
.836 

.843 


57.21 

52.5 

49.0 

46.5 

43.5 

40.8 

38.8 

37.5 

36.5 


2 


Russian kerosene 
Robinson 
Sp.gr. .825 
B4. 39.9 


9 
18 
20 
13 
18 
12 

6 

1 
Left as res. 

3 


239 
284 
329 
374 
419 
464 
509 
554 

680 


284 
329 
374 
419 
464 
509 
554 
680 


.786 
.799 
.816 
.829 
.831 
.845 
.857 
.864 

.877 


48.2 
45.4 
41.6 
38.9 
38.5 
36.8 
33.5 
32.2 

29.8 


3 


American kerosene 

Robinson 

Sp.gr. 


25 
23 

28 

13 

7 

3 


293 
338 
383 
428 
473 
518 


338 
383 
428 
473 
518 
572 






4 


Alsatian petrolemn 
Engler & Schestopal 
Sp.gr. .801 
Be. 44.8 


.08 

30.35 

44.7 

20.2 

3.8 


302 
392 

482 
572 


302 
392 
482 
572 
608 






5 


"Kaiser " oil 
Engler & Schestopal 
Sp.gr. .795 
Be. 46.1 


29.7 
32.3 
26.3 
11.7 


302 
392 

482 
572 


392 
482 
572 
608 






6 


Pennsylvania kerosene 
Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg 
Sp.gr. .800 
Be. 45 


15.8 

22 

19.25 

16.8 

26.15 


302 
392 
482 
572 


302 
392 

482 
572 
608 







TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 
Table LXVII — Continued 
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS 



101 





Class and Density of Original. 


Volumetric 
Per Cent 
Distilled. 


Temperature of 
Distillation. 


Specific 
Gravity of 
Distillate, 

60° F. 


Density, 
Baum6. 


No. 


Deg. F. at 
Beginning. 


Deg. F. at 
End. 


7 


German, benzol 
Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg 
Sp.gr. .873 Be. 30.5 


68 

28.7 


212 
302 


212 
302 






8 


Beaumont, Texas 
Richardson & Wallace 
Sp.gr. .912 
Be. 23.5 


2.5 
40.0 
20.0 
25.0 


230 
302 
572 

752 


302 
572 
752 


.8749 
.9089 
.9182 


30.1 
24.2 
23.6 


9 


Ohio 

Mabey & Noble 
Sp.gr. .829 
Be. 38.9 


23.0 
21.0 
21.0 
27.0 


185 
302 
572 

752 


302 
572 

752 


.7297 
.8014 
.8404 
.8643 


62.3 
45.1 
36.8 
32.2 


10 


Pennsylvania 
Sp.gr. .914 
Be. 23.2 


21.0 
41.0 
14.0 
23.0 


176 
302 
572 
752 


302 
572 

752 


.7188 
.7984 
.8334 
Paraffine 


65.2 
45.8 
38.3 


11 


Virginia, petroleum, heavy 
B. Redwood 
Sp.gr. at 32° F. .873, Be. 30.5 


1.0 

1.3 

12.0 


212 

284 


212 

284 
356 






13 


Virginia, petroleum, light 
B. Redwood 
Sp.gr. 32° F. .8412 
Be. 36.6 


1.3 
4.3 
11.0 
17.7 
25.2 
28.5 


212 

248 
284 
320 
356 


212 
248 
284 
320 
356 
392 






13 


Pennsylvania, hght 
B. Redwood 
Sp.gr. at 32° F. .816 
Be. 41.6 


4.3 
10.7 
16.0 
23.7 
28.7 
31.0 


212 
248 
284 
320 
356 


212 

248 
284 
320 
356 
392 






14 


Penn., heavy, B. Redwood 
Sp.gr. at 32° F. .886. Be. 


12.0 


500 


500 
536 






15 


Java, petroleum 
B. Redwood 
Sp.gr. at 32° F. .923 
Be. 21.8 


1.0 
1.0 

15.0 
22.3 
24.3 


212 
248 
320 
356 
392 
428 


212 
248 
320 
356 
392 
428 
464 







102 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table LXVIII 
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES 





Class and Density of Original. 


Volumetric 
Per Cent 
Distilled. 


Temp, of Distillation. 


Density of 

Distillate, 

60° F. 


Density, 
Baum^. 


No. 


Deg. F. at 
Beginning. 


Deg. F. at 
End. 


1 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .739 
Be. 59.5 


39 

49 
7.5 
3.5 


158 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.722 
.748 
.757 
.767 


63.9 
57.2 
55.0 
52.6 


2 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .736 
Be. 60.2 


48 
37 
11.5 
2.5 


158 
212 
248 
271 


212 

248 
271 


.727 
.747 
.762 
.767 


62.5 
57.5 
53.9 
52.6 


3 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .717 
B^. 65.3 


65.5 

26.5 

4.5 

2.5 


149 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.708 
.742 
.754 
.769 


67.9 
58.8 
55.8 
52.2 


4 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .716 
Be. 65.5 


69.0 
22.0 

4.5 

3 


149 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.707 
.743 
.751 
.770 


68 
58.5 
56.5 
51.9 


5 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .716 
B6. 65.5 


65.0 

26.0 

5.0 

2.5 


145 

212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.704 

.742 
.753 

.772 


68.9 
58.9 
56 
51.5 


6 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .717 
Be. 65.3 


70.0 

24.0 

3.0 

1.5 


149 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.71 
.744 
.753 
.769 


67.2 
58.2 
55.9 
52 


7 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .719 
B^. 64.7 


67.0 

21.0 

6.0 

4.5 


140 
212 

248 
271 


212 

248 
271 


.706 
.742 
.750 
.770 


68.2 
58.9 
56.8 
51.9 


8 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .711 
B6. 66.9 


66 

24 
6.5 
2.5 


140 
212 
248 
271 ' 


212 
248 
271 


.700 
.731 
.741 
.762 


70 

61.6 

58.9 

• 53.8 


9 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .715 
B^. 65.8 


59 

28.5 
7.0 
4.0 


145 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.701 
.736 
.750 
.765 


69.8 
60.2 
56.6 
53.0 


10 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .712 
Be. 66.7 


62.0 

25.0 

7.0 

5.0 


145 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.699 
.730 

.742 
.758 


70.1 
61.8 
58.8 
54.8 


11 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .710 
Be. 67.2 


68 

22.5 
6.5 
2.0 


136 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.699 
.736 
.750 
.736 


70.1 
60.2 
56.6 
60.2 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table LXVIII — Continued 
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES 



103 





Class and Density of Original. 


Volumetric 
Per Cent 
Distilled. 


Temp, of Distillation. 


Density of 

Distillate, 

60° F. 


Density, 
Bauml. 


No. 


Deg. F. at 
Beginning. 


Deg. F. at 
End. 


12 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .700 
Be. 70 


86.5 
11.5 

■■•••-■ 


133 
212 
248 
271 


212 

248 
271 


.692 
.739 


72.3 
59.5 


13 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .718 
Be. 65 


59 

29 

8 

3 


145 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


704 
.742 
.755 

.768 


69 
58.8 
55.5 
52.5 


14 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .717 
Be. 65.3 


64 

26 
6.5 
2.5 


149 
212 

248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.705 
.740 
.754 
.770 


68.8 
59.4 
55.8 
51.7 


15 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .717 
Be. 65.3 


68 

23 
5.5 
2.5 


149 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.705 
.743 
.755 
.773 


68.8 
58.6 
55.5 
51.2 


16 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .717 
B6. 65.3 


67.5 

22 
5.5 
3.5 


143 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.706 

.742 
.758 
.770 


68 
58.8 
54.9 
51.8 


17 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .715 
Be. 65.8 


58 

24 
9.5 
6.5 


136 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.700 
.733 
.749 
.770 


70 
61 
57 
51.8 


18 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .705 
Be. 68.6 


73 
17.5 

5 

3 


131 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.697 
.736 
.751 
.768 


71 

60.2 
56.5 
52.5 


19 


Gasolene [Blount] 
Sp.gr. .705 
Be. 68.6 


74 

15.5 
5.0 
4.0 


140 
212 
248 
271 


212 
248 
271 


.696 
.736 
.745 
.764 


71.1 
60.3 
57.9 
53.2 


20 


Gasolene [Chambers] 
Sp.gr. .71 
B6. 67.18 


6.67 
6.66 
6.67 
6.67 
6.66 
6.67 
6.67 
6.66 
6.67 
6.67 
6.66 
6.67 
7.67 
5.66 
4.37 


148.8 

149.2 

167.0 

176 

176 

186.8 

197.6 

206.6 

212.0 

219.2 

226.4 

233.6 

248.0 

258.8 

284.0 


149.2 

167.0 

176.0 

176 

186.8 

197.6 

206.6 

212.0 

219.2 

226.4 

233.6 

248.0 

258.8 

284.0 

311 




/ 



104 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



105 





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w 


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w 




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PL, 




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op 



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C0 001>-l>00 000 00i:0c0 



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00 00 CO 



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rt< rt* l>. N. "^ O lO _ 

O'5*<i0»0rtHe0OOOO 



(Nt^COCOrtH'^(M'^(M(N 



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00'<^00 






C000O'*10tJ< CO !>• 
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1-ItHCO tJ<tJ<(M Tt< 1-1 lO (N tH 1-1 (N 



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00C35Oi-^(MC0rt<»Oc0 



106 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table LXX 
RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM CO2 AND CARBON 





Temp. 
Deg. F. 


Time. 
Seconds. 


Volumetric Analysis. 




Form of Carbon. 


CO2 


CO 


CO 

CO2 


CO 


Authority. 




CO +CO2 




Fine, amorphous 

Charcoal, 2-5 mm 

Charcoal, hazel nut . . . 

Coke, 2-5 mm 

Coke, hazel nut 

Gas carbon, 2-5 mm . . 
Gas coke, hazel nut, . . 


1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 


480 
480 
480 
480 
480 
480 
480 


13.6 
39.9 
17.1 
79.1 
83.6 
80.1 
86.7 


86.4 
60.1 
82.9 
20.9 
16.4 
19.9 
13.3 


6.43 
1.51 
4.88 
.26 
.20 
.25 
.15 


.864 
.601 
.829 
.209 
.164 
.199 
.133 


Boudouard 


1. Charcoal, 5 mm .... 


1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 
1472 


189 

116 

57 

46 

24 

16 

12 

2.7 

1.6 


49.7 
49.6 
48.2 
47.8 
62.5 
71.7 
75.5 
93.7 
96.1 


50.3 
50.4 
51.8 
52.2 
37.5 
28.3 
24.5 
6.3 
3.9 


1.01 

1.01 

1.07 

1.09 

.60 

.40 

.32 

.067 

.041 


.503 
.504 
.518 
.522 
.375 
.283 
.245 
.063 
.039 


Clement 


2. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . . 


1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 


123 

54 

24 

13 
9.3 
4.6 
3.7 
3.3 


25.7 
29.8 
42.8 
47.4 
70.3 
70.3 
77.6 
77.5 


74.3 
70.2 
57.2 
52.6 
29.7 
29.7 
22.4 
22.5 


2.88 

2.36 

1.34 

1.11 

.42 

.42 

.29 

.29 


.743 
.702 
.572 
.526 
.297 
.297 
.224 
.225 


Clement 


3. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . . 


1652 
1652 
1652 
1652 
1652 
1652 


64 
44 
10 
4.3 

2.8 
2.2 


12.7 
13.3 
29.2 
50.2 
68.9 
65.6 


87.3 
86.7 
70.8 
49.8 
31.1 
34.4 


6.87 

6.52 

2.42 

.99 

.45 

.52 


.873 
.867 
.708 
.498 
.311 
.344 


Clement 


4. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . . 


1697 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1697 


119 
81 
12 
5.8 
4.3 
2.3 


5.3 

6.7 
15.2 
28.2 
35.8 
62.5 


94.7 
93.3 

84.8 
71.8 
64.2 
37.5 


17.9 

13.9 

5.57 

2.54 

1.79 

.60 


.947 
.933 
.848 
.718 
.642 
.375 


Clement 


5. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . . 


1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 


70 

18.6 
8.2 
3.7 
2.3 


5.1 

5.7 

9.7 

20.3 

20.5 


94.9 
94.3 
90.3 
79.7 
79.5 


18.6 
16.5 
9.3 
3.92 

3.88 


.949 
.943 
.903 
.797 
.795 


Clement 


Charcoal, 5 mm 


2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 


36.5 

10.4 

4.97 

3.6 

1.9 


1.3 
1.7 
1.9 

2.7 
5.4 


98.7 
98.3 
98.1 
97.3 
94.6 


75.9 
57.8 
51.6 
36.0 
17.5 


.987 
.983 
.981 
.973 
.946 


Clement 


6. Coke 


1652 
1652 
1652 
1652 


142 
80 
44 
25 


72.4 
86.9 
90.6 
94.3 


27.6 

13.1 

9.4 

5.7 


.382 
.151 
.104 
.061 


.276 
.131 
.094 
.057 


Clement 







TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table LXX — Continued 
RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM CO2 AND CARBON 



107 



I 





Temp. 
Deg. F. 


Time, 
Seconds. 


Volumetric Analysis. 




Form of Carbon. 


CO2 


CO 


CO 

C02 


CO 


Authority. 




CO +CO2 




6. Coke 


1652 

1652 
1652 


16 
9.6 
3.7 


95.1 
97.4 
99.2 


4.9 
2.6 

.8 


.051 
.027 
.008 


.049 
.026 
.008 


Clement 


7. Coke 


1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 
1832 


123 

80 

33 

19 
6.4 
4.1 
3.1 
2.0 


21.6 
35.6 
47.1 
68.0 
86.1 
88.5 
90.8 
93.7 


78.4 
64.4 
52.9 
32.0 
13.9 
11.5 
9.2 
6.3 


3.62 
1.81 
1.12 
.47 
.16 
.13 
.101 
.067 


.784 
.644 
.529 
.320 
.139 
.115 
.092 
.063 


Clement 


8. Coke 


2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 


90 

30 

13 
6.7 
3.2 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 
1.5 
.96 


2.9 
14.6 
33.9 
44.4 
68.3 
69.6 
76.0 
77.9 
78.6 
86.7 


97.1 
85.4 
66.1 
55.6 
31.7 
30.4 
24.0 
22.1 
21.4 
13.3 


33.6 
5.85 
1.95 
1.25 
.46 
.437 
.316 
.284 
.272 
.154 


.971 
.854 
.661 
.556 
.317 
.304 
.240 
.221 
.214 
.133 


Clement 






9. Coke 


2192 
2192 
2192 
2192 
2192 
2192 


19 

13 
8.3 
2.4 
1.6 
1.1 


1.1 

2.2 

4.7 

31.5 

56.1 

66.5 


98.9 
97.8 
95.3 
68.5 
43.9 
33.5 


89.7 

44.4 

20.2 
2.18 
.78 
.504 


.989 
.978 
.953 
.685 
.439 
.335 


Clement 






Coke 


2372 
2372 
2372 
2372 


8.9 
4.1 
2.1 
1.1 


.1 
2.1 

6.8 
16.6 


99.9 
97.9 
93.2 
83.4 


999 
46.5 
13.7 
5.02 


.999 
.979 
.932 
.834 


Clement 






10. Anthracite 


2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 
2012 


34 

9.4 
5.4 
3.3 
2.4 


12.2 
39.9 
52.3 

69.8 
73.5 


87.8 
60.1 
47.7 
30.2 
26.5 


7.2 

1.5 
.91 
.43 
.36 


.878 
.601 
.477 
.302 
.265 


Clement 


11. Anthracite 


2192 
2192 
2192 
2192 
2192 


47 

10 
5.1 
2.8 
1.6 


.3 

14.4 

28.5 
57.7 
69.0 


99.7 
85.6 
71.5 
42.3 
31.0 


332.3 
5.95 
2.5 
.73 

.45 


.997 
.856 
.715 
.423 
.310 


Clement 


12. Anthracite 


2372 
2372 
2372 
2372 
2372 
2372 


12.4 
6.0 
3.6 
3.0 
1.91 
1.07 


.1 
3.5 
17.6 
19.1 
33.7 
49.7 


99.9 
96.5 
. 82.4 
80.9 
66.3 
50.3 


999 
27.6 
4.68 
4.23 
1.97 
1.01 


.999 
.965 
.824 
.809 
.663 
.503 


Clement 



108 



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(n"P 



o 
"d 

'bb 

•fa 

02 



02 

d 

oi 
P 



d 

CO 



O CO 

a^ 

• a-- 
•a o § 



O) 



O 

03 

a 

■^ ^ 



CO 

d 

02 

1-1 1-1 . 
. .02 
O Op 



^02 



o3 

tH 

73 

d 

o 
,^ 

qT 
d 
o 



d 

TO 



B^ d 
bb bc>; 
• fa-fa*^ 
>> 



d 

02 I 
P I 

^ .73 
P-l O d 



03 

d 

-f3 .+3 o3 
m TO 1-3 
33 a» 73 



8. a 



o3 ^ 






d 
bo.o) 



ooo>01-l(NcoTJ^ioco^'0000'-lC^coTJ^locol>•oo^01-l(^^coTtllOco^'OOOiOT-^c^eoTt^ 

00000i0i0505050505050505OOOOOOOOOgTHi^i-MiHiMi-HrHT-ji^i^ 



112 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



op 






■^ 

Qi 


P^ 


-^ 


w 


^s 


p 


o 


!-^ 


o 


Q 


O 


S 




PL< 


X 




X 




h^ 


^ 




o 


n 


rn 


< 


O 


H 


fin 



o 
o 



"ci 



•^ IS CI 



O 






w 



o 



iO»OiOiO":)TtHT}lTjHCOTj<CO'*COTt<COCX)OOOOOOCXDOOOOOOOOOO 



CO 00 CO o 
(M lO Tt< 1-1 lO t^ 
CO CI 1-1 <M 1-1 C5 



t^OTt<C0C0C0Oc0«0 

00i-iTtHc0TjHt^a><:Dt>.05l>.C<l00<N»0(Mi0O«0 

Ot^-COcOCOCJOiOCO-^OOOcOcOCOC^OSOC^S 

rti»OcOU3iOt>ilOO»OeO 



CO irH CO "^ 

OOOJOCOt^t^ OOrfHOOOOOOOOOOOOm 

'*005t^C00500iOOOO<NCOOcDt^'*005i-HCOOOOoiod5 

OOOOOi-i05(MCO(MCOi:OCOCOC50i000005t>.t>.|>IoOOI>u:) 

-rf 1-1 CO 00 o ' ~ ' 

00l>-O5C0i— it^ O • -OO • 'O • -oo • • 

Ot-I(MtH(NO (N • ■ y-i T-i ■ .1-1 . -c^JIh . . 

CO 

T-iiOb-COC<JOOOOOOt^OOOOOOOOOOO»0>0 
COOOO(MCOOOOOr-liOOOOOOOO^OO(Nt>.OOOOOdO> 

050000i-ICO^I>.COO(NI>.10t>^OTiHTjH'<!JHlOTliTjJT}H»0«d 

o . . . o . o 

"^ .. .i>- . ^ ..... . 



00 1-1 t>. 

»OI>(N'-i oooooocoooooooooooouoo 

t>.CDiO'^'^i-iO»0000'*COCOO>OCOI>COOO(Nt>OcDCO-^ 
CD t>. <;d l> CD CD (N (m' 1-1 (N CD <N CO CO tH (N (N* rH csi th" (m' ,H CO CO 



00 05 Tt< 

0(N(N»0»OOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

CO^OiOrt^CDOOfN^C^CDOOOCOOOO^TjicxSr-iOOOi-iCDCO 

OOi005C50C7500t^I>^l>"^COTt<CDOCD0005o6»0"3COo6 
rH 1-1 T-I(M(N(N(NC^ (M(N(N 1-1 1-H 

>0l>»0O(NcDOOOOOC0OOOOOOOOOOOOO 
|>iOTj<rtiOiT^OOOOOOtOiOOi-lCDC^001>CDOTt"OOCOrti 

(M(N<N(Ni-lTHi-lTHi-lrHOOOOOOcDOOI>CDCDCT>OOt>.|>iO 

,-Ht-Ii-Ii-I rH ^r-lT-tT-li-4r-ti-Hi-lT-l (N(N(N(M(N(M(N(M (N (N 



d 

tCOQ 



co'p 
d to 

O TO 
-f^ TO 



ft 

a 



Z/J 

d 

|!^ 

• I— ( 

•So 

>:§ 

TO "-H 



i< 



X X >i <o 
^ ^ X^ p^ 

a 



d 



■si 

03 g5 



1^ -^ -Tl -^ -^ 

TO t3 'O ,fj ^j 
1-1 Ol CO "^ lO 



o »o 

CO CO 

03 

w 

03 
TO 



U, t-, (-, 
^ -C3 ^ 

-(-3 -f-> -(J -fJ 

" CO t>. 00 



-^ +3 .+J O -^ 



ad) 

8 § 

is 



■e >^ 






8 a 

o ^ 

g a^ 

^ 2 
OS 



o 
a 
o 

o 

u 



a- 

o 



tOc01>.00050i-i(NCOTfiOCOt^OOOiOi-t(MCOTt<iOC01>OOOi 
(M(NC<JC^(MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOTj<rt<Tj<Tt<Tj<'!lHTj<Tt<Tj<'«^ 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table LXXII 
COMPOSITION OF WATER GAS 



113 



No. 



8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 

14 
15 

16 

17 

18 

19 



Description. 



Essen water gas, coke, Sexton 

Dellurck process water gas, Lewes 

No. 3 

Strong water gas, Moore 

Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes 

No. 1 

Average water gas, Lewes 

From anthracite before carburetting 

for illumination, O'Connor 

Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes 

No. 2 

Blue water gas, Morehead 

Water gas. Allen 

Uncarbm*etted water gas 

Uncarburetted water gas 

Essen water gas, coke, Thorpe 

Water gas before carburetting, 

Lowell 

Average water gas, Lewes 

Water gas before carburetting, 

average 

Water gas before carburetting, 

average 

Lowe water gas, anthracite, Thorpe. 
Water gas, anthracite, Loomis Petti- 
bone 

Water gas, bituminous coke, Loomis 

Pettibone 



Volumetric Analysis. 



H2. 



54.52 



52 
52 

52 
51 



.76 
,76 

,43 
,89 



51.8 



50. 
50, 
49, 
49, 
49, 
49, 

48, 
48, 



09 



65 

55 

50 

17 

6 
31 



47.97 



45. 
44. 

44, 

42, 



57 
50 

3 

1 



CO. 



31.86 

37.50 

35.88 

38.30 
40.08 

43.4 

39.95 
43.25 
42.89 
45.89 
35.93 
43.75 

43.2 
35.93 

42.75 

44.85 
42.10 

42.4 

32.6 



CH4. 



1.62 



4.11 



.10 



.5 

.75 

1.05 
.31 

2.0 
1.05 

4.23 

4.41 

2.7 
2.9 



CO2. 



12. 

4.08 
2.05 

4.73 
4.80 

3.5 

5.38 

3.0 

2.97 

3.87 

4.25 

2.71 

3.0 
4.25 

2.80 

4.45 
3.60 

3.5 

5.3 



O2. 



00 



46 
74 

22 



N2 





5.2 
4.33 

3.80 
3.13 

1.3 

3.36 

3.25 

3.74 

.71 

8.75 
4.00 

2.8 
9.95 

2.2 

.77 
9.80 

6.9 

16.8 



Ratios. 



CO 
CO2 



9.2 

17.5 

8.1 
8.35 

12.4 

7.4 
14.4 
14.4 
11.8 

8.45 
16.1 

14.4 
8.45 

15.3 

10.1 
11.7 

12.1 

6.15 



CO 



CO +COj 



,90 
.95 

.89 

.89 

.93 



.935 

.935 

.92 

.89 

.94 

.93 
.89 

.94 

.91 

.92 

.92 

,86 



Table LXXIII 
COMPOSITION OF OIL PRODUCER GAS 



Name. 


Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent. 


Ratio. 


B.T.U. per 
Cubic Foot. 


CO 


H2 


CH4 


Cn^hn 


O2 


CO2 


N2 


CO 
CO2 


CO 


High. 


Low. 




CO +CO2 


Process of Interna- 
tional Amet. Co . 

Do 

Do 


8.0 

8.6 

7.8 

7.3 

8.35 

6.0 


12.0 
10.0 
9.8 
47.4 
53.65 
46.0 


16.2 
7.0 
6.0 
28.6 
22.50 
26.0 


2.0 
4.2 
4.0 

10.0 
5.4 

10.30 


.2 
.3 
.4 
.2 
.4 
.3 


4.2 

5.4 

6.5 

2.0 

2.25 

3.0 


57.4 

64.4 

65.5 

4.5 

7.45 

8.4 


1.9 
1.6 
1.2 
3.7 
3.7 
2.0 


.66 
.61 
.55 

.78 
.79 
.67 


275 

209 
192 
661 
543 
630 


249 
192 
176 


Lowe process 

(I It 


605 

487 
566 



114 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 





OQ 








H 








CQ 








H 




03 




H 


Pi 




> 

t— 1 






<! 

CO 




f:^ 


1 


o 


s 


Q 


CO 


Q 


FQ 


O 


O 




fi 


P^ 


02 


hi^ 




^ 


P 


<1 

o 




M 




u 




< 








O 















1 1— 1 




-i »— ^ f— 1 >^ 1-^ 


Tj 




riS _ 








03 03 
. o . O 


^ ^ o3 1? ^ 
O O COO 




'^ o S 
o « o 


-3 

. 8 

03 X5 
bC "• 
./^ o 




5 


03 OQ .^ T/l 


. J2 • i2 • ^ • 

a ^a ^a ^;2 


■—1 3 




H 


O r-i "^l" r-^ 


O O O O O .^ CO 


o o o o 






O CO >0 »0 O o3 CO 


*a2 -t^ 


O O O CO o 


^ o 






00 c<i^ 


(N O CO bC cm 


l=! O 


1-1 CO rH »0 


»o^ 






CO" T-T 


<S Ci CO o o" 


o a 


of (N o" 


cT 






1-1 T-H 


tH 


IQ iH 




tH rH 


iH 




d 


o 
o 
+ 


CO 


t- 


o 


^ ^ 


lO 


(M 


tH 


o 


(M 


rt< 




Oi 


CO 




=^o 




o 


CO 


T*< t^ 


(N 


1-1 


00 


(N 


(N 


00 


"e30 


o 


o 


r^ 


lO o 


CO 


l> 


o 


o 


05 


o 


o 
o 


1> 


t^ 


CO 


CO t^ 


CO 


cO 


CO 


CO 


to 


CO 




^ 


o 


lO 


lO 


o o 


(N 


iO 


CO 


(N 


CO 


CO 




Tt^ 


CO 


o 


Oi CO 


t^ 


o 


to 


»o 


"*. 


to 


(m" 


(N 


(m' 


i-I (N 


tH 


<N* 


tH 


iH 


iH 


rH 






<M 


uo 


o 


CO r-l 


o 


Tt< 


00 


CO 


05 


CO 






O 


CO 


T-t 


XO 1-1 


05 


(N 


00 


Tt< 


iH 


o 




P 03 


T-i 


OJ 


OJ 


t>.' 00 


lO 


<N* 


00 


t^* 


tH 


d 






lO 


lO 


lO 


lO lO 


lO 


CO 


to 


to 


CO 


lO 




CO 


rH 


CO 


O CO 


lO 


o 


TJH 


05 


»o 


(N 




d 


Csj 


tH 


CO 


C^ (N 


lO 


tH 


(N 


lO 


iH 


iH 




05 


lO 


•^ 


O 05 


tH 


CO . 


CO 


iH 


CO 


(N 


6 


CO 


(M 


o 


CO (N 


tH 


t-l 


iH 


(M 


lO 


I> 


>> 


o 


GO 


00 


05 


C5 t>i 


d 


00 


d 


d 


d 


d 


.2 












1— ( 




iH 


iH 


iH 




GO 


lO 


O) 


'^ 


tH O 


o 


Tt< 


rt< 


(N 


CO 


o 


'm 




00 


CO 


00 


00 CO 


o 


CO 


1> 


»o 


'*. 


o 


P^ 


^ Or£5 


• 




• 


• • 


• 


• 


• 


• 








Ocj- 


rlH 


'<^* 


Tt< 


Ti< CO 


lO 


lO 


CO 


lO 


'<^' 


d 




CO 


Oi 


o 


CO CO 


lO 


o 


CO 


05 


lO 


00 


03 


c., 


CO 


CO 


o 


CO Th 


o 


(N 


o 


t^ 


CO 


05 


c3 

o 


M 


'*' 


i> 


00 


ai d 


T-< 


1> 


iH 


d 


00 


d 




1—1 






1-t 


1-1 




tH 


iH 








o 


05 


FT" 


(N '^ 


00 


»o 


(N 


CO 


iH 


(N 




o 


05 


CO 


CO 


(M CO 


CO 


CO 


00 


^ 


CO 


iH 




o 


d 


1—1 


00 

r-l 


00 l>^ 

T-i 1— 1 


1—1 


d 
1—1 


to 

iH 


lO 

iH 


iH 


lO 

iH 


ta'ti 


ES§» 


CO 


rJH 


»o 


CO 00 


tH 


CO 


(N 


00 


Tj< 


o> 


1° 


fi^^£S 


CO 


CO 


iO 


1> 00 


CD 


l> 


00 


to 


CO 


CO 


tJ t 




O 


o 


o 


o o 


o 


Q 


o 


00 


o 


o 


r ■ d 1 


CO 


(M 


00 


CO 00 


CO 


<^ 


iH 


CO 


CO 


Tt< 






00 


CO 


lO 


o a 


00 


o 


CO 


iH 


CO 


00 


t^ 


00 


CO 


00 03 


1> 


05 


tH 
iH 


CO 


00 


00 






»o 


»o 


^^ 


CO CM 


lO 


lO 


sa 


CO 


iH 


T}H 


p. 


lO 


lO 


CO 


00 Oi 


Tt^ 


CO 


o 


»o 


rJH 


CO 


r . C 


cq 


TtH 


Oi 


O CO 


(M 


CO 


(N 


CO 


o 


00 


pq 


1— 1 


CO 
1-i 


1-1 


1-1 1-1 




CO 

1-1 


tH 


o 

iH 


CO 

tH 


tH 






CO 


tH 


Tt< 


00 CO 


lO 


o 


S2 


cq 


CO 


(N 




^ 


CO 


lO 


1> 


(N CO 


00 


lO 


00 


!> 


!>. 


(M 




<1 


CO 


00 


d 


l> d 


lO 


d 


00 


d 


d 


d 


o 








1—1 


1—1 








(N 






■^ 


o 


00 


1-1 


CO 00 


^ 


Oi 


o 


(N 


00 


o 


4) . 


CO 


Oi 


CO 


i> CO 


CO 


cq 


CO 


00 


t^ 


t^ 


Ojy_ 


f=H 


co' 


05 


CO 


d d 


tH 


co' 


d 


^ 


iH 


d 


'S.2 


(N 


Tj^ 


TJH 


(M Tf* 


'^ 


lO 


CO 


CO 


lO 


-* 


1 


00 


tH 


^ 


lO CO 


CO 


KO 


OS 


(N 


t^ 


lO 


O CO 


c3 q5 


t^ 


lO 


(M 0> 


(N 


'*. 


00 


o 


00 


CO 


f^« 


1- 


N." 


CO 


rn" 


d CO* 


(N* 


CO 


00* 


i6 


d 


<m' 


< 


(M 


CO 


CO 


(N CO 


CO 


CO 


Ol 


CO 


CO 


CO 


1 


CO 


o 


o 


1—1 


Tt< 


CO 


05 


TH 


<N 


CO 




.^ <u 


»o 


o 


Tf< 


!> O 


<N 


t^ 


OS 


TtH 


CO 


Tt^ 






C5 


i6 


IH 


CO d 


d 


CO* 


iH 


d 


1> 


(N* 




CO 




T-l 


CO 


(M 










iH 






o 


^ .* 


03" 

a 

03 


03 
0) 


-^3 


^ o 


bC • 

'r3 . 




1 

a 


a ■ 


1 

.s * 








o 


H 


1 


'^ Q-^ 


03 . 




^ 


O CO 

« d 

^^ 

> .s 
1=3 s 


o ^ 




t 


^ 03 
O 


bD . 


1. 


•a 

bD 


t5 


t3 
^ 03 

1— ( 


.•03-^ 

• - a 


2 c 

bo^ 

.a 03 


bD 

g 

- o3 

V d 


^ o 
15 .2" 

o3 *o 






fl r^ 


o 


«.'-'. 


.^ '^ 


-9 


o bj 


- 2 f^ 


2 !--' 








. q; 


o 


^ o o 
o !z; ^ Jz; 


J4 bC 


TJ ^ 


.i, fH 


c ^ 


(=1 ^ 






.-^ H 


^^ 


03 M 


1^ 


a > 


^.a 










1 




« 






s 


s 


w. 


s 


w 





TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



115 



rS 



jcg • ^ 



o3 c3 ^ 



o3 ^03 ^ .,, 

O O O O ^ 

_m , _3 • 02 . . TO 

""^ m /-\ m ""^ 



o o 



^ 



■ O 



2 « « 



o o 



OOOOOOO'cioOOOOCO'TjOOJOOOOO 
lOO^OOiOO bCO(NOO^C0 ?^001>-0000 
O^ tH 00 05_ '"1 o i^ '^ "^^ <=^„ °^ '^^ '^l <^.. <^^ ^. 



cq «o 



00 1> tH 



8 -^^' 



CO CO 



05 »0 (N 

CO CO t^ 

CD »C >0 



00 



00 
00 



00 



00 
CO 



Oi 

CD 






00 
CO 
CO 



05 

CO 



05 CD OS 

lO (M lO 

CO CJ> CO 



* 


• 


• 


• 


' 


• 


• 


• 


* 


• 


• 


* 


' 


CD 
CD 

rH 




CO 

CO 


00 
CO 


CO 
iH 


CO 
rH 


CO 


Oi 
rH 


tH 


o 


o 

T-I 


00 
Oi 


00 


^ 




Oi 

CO 


1>. 


CO 
tH 


to 


00 


O 

o 


Oi 


CO 


CD 


Oi 


CO 

(M 


05 


CD 


CD' 
CD 




O 
CO 


Oi 


2 


o 

CO 


00 


o 

CD 


O 
CD 


Oi 


CO 
CO 


CO 
CO 




O 
tH 


rH 




o 


§ 


1> 


Oi 


CO 
rH 




fe 


o 


o 

OS 


O 


O 


CO 


00 


o 


CO 


CD 
O 


00 




CO 
CO 


§ 


o 


00 


rH 


o 

rH 


O 


Oi 


O 

T— 1 


Oi 


O 

1-H 


o 
1—1 


O 

tH 


o 

rH 


r-i 


rH 


CD 


00 


CO 


tH 
CD 


00 

o 


O 

CD 


CD 
1> 


CD 






§ 


O 
rH 


CO 

CO 


CD 


l> 


lO 


'«d^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


1> 


CD 


1> 


CD 


CO 


CO 






1—1 
00 


00 

05 


CO 




rH 
CO 


CO 


Oi 


O 




O 

CD 


CO 

CO 


05 


o 


(N 




Oi 


Oi 


O 


Oi 


o 

7—1 


Oi 


Oi 


O 

tH 


1> 




CO 
CO 


CO 


1— ( 


o 


o 


1> 






o 


CO 
Oi 


CO 


CO 


1-1 


rH 


rH 




1-H 


CO 
1— 1 


1-H 


1— 1 


rH 


rH 


rH 


tH 

T-i 


o 

1-1 



CO rjl 
CD CO 



00 

CD 



O 
CD 



CO Oi 00 

lO 00. 00 



CO 



Oi 



CD 



Oi TjH 

1> l> 



o 

00 
CO 



CO 






(N 



O O 

CO CO 

1> Oi 



o o 

lO CO 

1-1 1> 

o t^ 



o 



o 



00 CO 



o 
o 

CO 
Oi 



CD 
00 



o 
o 

o 



o o o 

O rH 00 

Oi O 00 



00 


00 


CD 


lO 


t- 


o 


o 


Oi 


CO 


1— I 


00 


CO 


(M 


-* 


<N 


Oi 


(M 


co 


00 


(N 


00 


(N 


(N 


lO 


lO 


00 


to 




CO 


00 


o 


lO 


r^ 


Ttt 


CM 


TjH 


lO 


Oi 


00 


rH 


tH 




iH 


CO 
rH 


1-^ 


rH 


o 

1-H 


CO 
r-l 


CO 

T-i 


TtH 

r-i 


rH 


rH 
rH 


o 


CD 


Tt< 


»o 


00 


CO 


1^ 


o 


Oi 


lO 


CO 


CO 


rJH 


Oi 


CO 


r-l 


Tj< 


o 


l> 


CO 


l> 


Oi 


Oi 


1> 


1> 


00 


CD 


O 

1—1 


CO 


CD 


o 

1—1 


iO 


CD 


o 


00 


r-i 
rH 


lO 


Oi 


1—1 


CO 


o 


o 


Oi 


t^ 


1— 1 


iO 


Oi 


CO 


CO 


o 


lO 


00 


00 


00 


Tt^ 


tH 


CO 


CO 


rH 


1-H 


1-1 


TtH 


o 


Oi 


(N 


Oi 


CO 


lO 


CO 


(N 


C3i 


Oi 


1— 1 


lO 


(N 


Oi 


r-i 


00 


lO 


CN 


lO 


t^ 


'^ 


lO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


to 


lO 


T}H 


CO 


lO 


rji 


lO 


CO 


'^ 


o 


Oi 


(N 


1> 


1> 


00 


o 


00 


o 


CO 


00 


Oi 


o 


o 


T-i 


TJH 


K3 


Oi 


lO 


CO 


(N 



CO 



CO 

CO 



00 



CO 

CO 



CO 



(N CO 



00 

CO 



CO 



o 



CO 
CO 



CO 



CO rH 



CO 
CO 



Oi 
Oi 



03 

CD 



00 



lO 
CO 



CO 
CO 



<M (N CO 



TtH (M 



Oi 

_co_ 
l> 

00 



lO 
CO 



o 

CO 



Oi 

6 

a 
*3b 

> 

I 



.a : o 

13 _; ^ 

o 

•- 6 -a 

fl >: .9 

bD "^ bC 

• i-j ^ tj 

'^ m -H 



03 

rH n^ 



o 



<A ^ .^ 



.3 

bfl 
> 



bO 

fl 

i-{ 

,^ 
o3 
o 
I 

o 
fl o 



Oi 

6 

of 

•1-H 

g 

'bb 



o 

• i-H 

a 

bC 

> 
xa 



O* 

o3" 
O 



Pi 



be 

CI 



lO 



"^ CO 
^ A . 

•a 1^ ^ 

CD >^ oT 

.^5 § 



K^ .ti -^ f^ kT .-t; .~ "^ ."^ t^ 



. c3 

• 2 

00 ^ 

•^ bC 

.s ii 

bC o 

.+0 fl d 

to . hjr 



pq 



6 



W 



116 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table LXXV 
COMPOSITION OF POWDERED COAL, PRODUCER GAS 





Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent. 


Ratio. 


B.T.U. per 
Cubic Foot. 


Sample. 


CO 


H2 


CH4 


C»H27l 


O2 


CO2 


N2 


CO 

CO2 


CO 


High. 






CO +CO2 


Low. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 


15.85 

13.52 
12.20 
18.2 
13.8 


6.17 
11.51 
10.50 
12.20 
10.4 


4.09 

5.17 

3.20 

2.1 

2.5 


.1 

.5 


1.4 
.3 
.0 
.1 


9.2 

8.1 
7.6 
4.9 
8.0 


63.29 
61.40 
66.50 
62.40 
64.80 


1.7 
1.7 
1.6 
3.7 
1.7 


.63 
.63 
.62 
.79 
.63 


119 

140 
112 

128 
118 


Ill 

129 
103 
119 
109 



Table LXXVI 
COMPOSITION OF BOILER FLUE GASES— (Volumetbic) 





Stat. Boiler, Illinois Coal.U. S. Geological Survey. 


Locomotive Boiler, U. S. Geological Survey. 


Average 
of. 


Analysis. 


CO 

CO2 


CO 


Analysis. 


CO 

CO2 


CO 




CO2 


O2 


CO 


CO +CO2 


CO2 


O2 


CO 


CO +CO2 


4 


3.4 


17.5 











10.16 


8.49 


.13 


.0128 


.0126 


3 


3.7 


17.2 











11.10 


7.84 


.23 


.0207 


.0203 


5 


4.4 


16.3 











11.15 


7.52 


.20 


.0179 


.0176 


5 


5.0 


15.0 











11.45 


6.92 


.00 








5 


5.3 


14.7 


.1 


.0189 


.0185 


11.46 


7.49 


.10 


.00875 


.00865 


5 


5.9 


14.4 


.04 


.0068 


.00674 


11.50 


7.08 


.17 


.0148 


.0147 


6 


6.2 


14.1 


.03 


.00485 


.00482 


11.96 


7.00 


.23 


.0193 


.0189 


9 


6.4 


13.7 


.07 


.0109 


.0108 


11.96 


7.07 


.14 


.0117 


.0155 


16 


6.6 


13.0 


.10 


.0152 


.0149 


12.05 


6.93 


.15 


.0125 


.0123 


9 


6.8 


12.6 


.01 


.00147 


.0147 


12.20 


6.94 


.05 


.0041 


.0407 


14 


7.0 


12.8 


.06 


.0086 


.0085 


12.45 


5.87 


.22 


.0177 


.0174 


20 


7.2 


12.6 


.08 


.0111 


.011 


13.57 


4.49 


.20 


.0147 


.0145 


18 


7.4 


12.4 


.00 








13.87 


4.75 


.25 


.018 


.0177 


20 


7.6 


12.9 


.05 


.0066 


.00655 












14 


7.8 


12.1 


.03 


.00385 


.00375 












30 


8.0 


11.7 


.04 


.005 


.00498 












31 


8.2 


11.6 


.10 


.0122 


.012 












27 


8.4 


11.3 


.10 


.0119 


.01175 












16 


8.6 


11.1 


.10 


.0116 


.0115 












17 


8.8 


10.8 


.20 


.0228 


.0222 












19 


9.0 


10.7 


.10 


.0111 


.011 












14 


9.2 


10.4 


.10 


.0109 


.01075 












16 


9.4 


10.1 


.20 


.0213 


.0208 












10 


9.6 


9.9 


.20 


.0208 


.0204 












8 


9.8 


9.4 


.20 


.0204 


.02 












8 


10.0 


9.2 


.20 


.020 


.0196 












6 


10.2 


9.9 


.20 


.0196 


.0192 












8 


10.4 


8.9 


.5 


.048 


.046 












4 


10.8 


8.6 


.02 


.00185 


.00185 












3 


11.0 


8.8 


.36 


.0327 


.0317 












2 


11.1 


8.6 


.30 


.027 


.0253 












1 


11.4 


7.9 


.40 


.035 


.034 













TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



117 









iH Ni 00 CO O rt4 cq 
00 05 t> 05 CC !>• CO 






CO o a 
io CO o 



OCOOeOCD(NOi-iCO 
O0005O05OC«0500 



O CO 

05 05 



•^ Oi ao 

03 lO CXI 



o 



1> 

CO 



lO 00 i> 

1— H 05 CO 



CO CO 00 
<N 00 O (N CO 



Oi r^ CO 

lo CO CO 



05 O CO t^ tH 

CO O O O 05 



PL. 



Tj< i> CO »-i 1-1 1> lo 



CO 



OOOiCOi— iC005Tt<t-(0S 
iOC0I>C005t-ItJ1t-iO 



CO »o 

1—1 05 

1—1 T— I 



CO C5 



CO lo 00 

05 CO t^ 
(N t^ (M 



CO 
CO 
00 



CO (N 

O lO 00 

00 lO r-l 
CO 00 05 



rti 00 lO t^ rH 

Oi (N CO 05 CO 
O O CO lO 00 
05 <N (N (N 1-H 



t-1 
o 



H 



^00 (N 



P^ 



PQ (N 

CO 

C "=^ 

H^ 
I— ( 

H 

P^ 

Ph 
O 
P^ 
Ph 

O 

►-( 

o 
< 



o 



p^ 



<3 



PU 



.J "i^ n 



CO a 3 

3 " 






^ 3 



o 



a 



o 



0] 

o 



CO 



(N 



00 lO 



CO CO 

CO lo 1— 1 



CO lO 00 
"<* ""^ i> 



CO 05 r^ t^ 1-1 



i-(<N05iOcOiO(Mt^(N 05C0 0(M1> rt< <Z> r-i '^ 05t*h,-<|>0 

Ttio5ioo5rH05Tt^t^oo i>ai »ooi> CO 1— ico"^ lotocoi-tio 

CO(NOS»01>-l>-iOCOTt< lOi-t COi-<C^ tH 1— ii— 1i— t i-<»01>COOi 

1— I T— I CO tH 1— I LQ 05 



t>. G5 ^ 00 Gi -^ a 

05<NCOCOi-<iOC<I(No6 Tj<CO 00COTt< 00 t>^0J(N 

COOiCO»0000(MiOiO 00Tt< 00t-Tj< C^ C5^0i 

COOOTjHO'^COOTt^TtH CO^ 00(NCO O CO00(N 

rlHT-(rH001:^t^O(N Tt<05 (Ni-lCO 1— I 1— lT-l(N 

iO<M(M(Mi— ii— ii— ii— I 1— ii— I 1— i 



05 TJH t^ 

CO O 05 lO 1— I 

t^ O 1-t >o o 

(N 1-t O (M CO 

(M (N O O i-< 

1-1 (M (N (M 



Tt< CO rt< 

05 00 O lO O CO !>> 

TjHt^cocot^cqco OiO 

COiOOi^COOOOO 00(M 



00 05 t>- 
00 CO CO 
(M (N o:> 
lO ^^ 00 



00 
CO 



CO o 



O 
CO 
00 



lO (N CO 

CD 00 00 O (M 
(N 1> lO 1-1 Tt* 



(M 1-1 



ri< th cq lO 

CO (N (M 



(N 1-1 



00 (N (N 

l-H T-l (N 



Tt< 



(N Tt< lO 



Tt< I> CO (N (M 



i-< (M lO CO 1— I Oi 

t^<M 1-I05 t^(NO T-ICO 1^0500 CO (MiOCO 

OC01>.^1:^C000001> COiO OS'^CO »0 OOi-i 

oo>o-^05cooiT-(cooo Oi-i cooco oj Oii—ico 

t^O^t^OOr-tCO'^CO Tj^cO lOOO-^ CO l>.t^CO 

00000(N000 oo ooo o ooo 



o »o 

1-1 00 CO 00 CO 
O (N C3i ^ TjH 

t^ 1-1 t^ t^ "^ 

O O (N Tt< O 



O "^l^iOrt^COCOO 
t^fM-^iOi-iOiOOOO 
TfiCO(M»Oi-<i-iCOI>CO 



(M CO 

OO Oi 



»0 05 
05 O Tt< 
CO CO CO 
C5 t^ 05 



CD 
00 



C5 C^ CO 
lO CO Oi 
O rH Ttl 



CO 

CO 05 Tj< 

O CO -^ t^ o 

lO O (N O O 



(NTt<t^"<:J^COC0(Mi-iOi 

CO 1— I 1— t 1— I T-< -I— I 1— I 



o ^ 



00 



CO 



1— itHih i-)o:)>OiOi>. 



rtl t^ 1-ICD -rtlOSOO <35 Tt< 1-1 

OOi-lOS OCO l>00iO 00 l>COi-l 

OlOSCOrtHCOiOOOOiO coos t^(MTt< 05 COfMt^ 

C0C0iOC01>00OC0Tti TfiCO 05l>i-l 05 OOi-l 



CO 05 

lO T}< CO 

O (M '^ tH Oi 

CO ■* i>. i> CO 



C<l(NOSrt<COiOiOCOTt< 
1—1 1-1 CO 



lO 



«3 



(N 



tH Tt^ (N 00 O) 
l-H lO 00 



lO CO rt< 
CO lO '^ 



1> 

(M lO <M 



05 



CJ5 

CO lO o 



o 



(N 05 05 






CO lO (M 
CO lO -^ 



»0 tH 
tH (N CO 






oo O (N 



CO O Tt< 






o 

lO (N O 



Oi 

CO 



O 00 Tt< 



00 



CO 

O CO CO 



lO 



»o 



Tt< 



CO 






tH 05 (M 



(N 



O 00 



O 
O 



O 
O 



1-1 C5 CO 
1-1 (M 1-1 



O 1> 05 
<N i-I (N 



(N 



o 

o 



CO "<^ 



CO lO 



o 



(M 



CO 

IQ O O 



00 



(N 



i-< O 1> 
CO -"^ (N 



CO »o 



o 

CO 



lO (M W 



^ 



00 



o 

o 



to -^ (^ 



(N !>. CO 
»0 CO TiH 



»o 



(N 00 

Ttl 1-t 



00 O lO 



iH CO 05 



CO 



00 o 



(N Tt< 05 
i-t (M 



CO 
CO 



rt< 



o 

o 



CO 1-1 (N 
00 l> CO 



O O 
CO 1—1 



CO 



CO o 



00 I> lO 

(M (M CO 






TJH O (N 

1— I (M 1-1 



O 
05 



O 



V, • • 

'x • • 

o • • 

a • 

o • ; 

S § cu 

'£ ^ -!f. 






. • • c3 
OJ ■ • O 

g Q^ a ^ 

13 "ts (U « o o 
WWpqp^UO 



> > 

9 ? 



bO 

P 



o3 



O t3 

■^' 0) 
o '*' n: c^ 



tn 

bC 



ft 



TO OD tn 



t/^ Q^ o3 ;3 uj 
^ .-S bC o bD 
bC o t^ g 






o 
O 



o3 __ 

bC c3 



^ s a 

>^ G "^ ."S "^ 



5r! O 






O o 
. G 






. o S <u 

O O.bC bC^ ^ ^ 



G 



o3 
bO 



i-^ j^ t-i "■ • '"-I "" *-' *^ . zr — p-^ 03 y^ ^ 



as 



w 



118 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table LXXVIII 
LIMITS OF PROPORTION FOR EXPLOSIVE AIR-GAS MIXTURES 





Per Cent of Gi 


IS in the Mixture by Volume. 


Authority. 


Gas. 


Combining 
Proportion. 


When Air is in 
Excess. 


When Gas is in 
Excess. 




r^Q-rVfcrkn TYinnnvinp 


29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 
29.6 


16.5 

16.5 

13.0 
9.45 
9.45 
7.69 
5.00 

12.4 

12.4 
9.0 
3.8 
8.33 
7.9 
7.9 
5.3 
6.0 
6.7 
6.25 
6.67 
6.25 
6.67 
3.35 
3.35 
1.54 
2.96 
3.0 
4.1 
4.1 
6.1 
6.1 
5.0 
2.75 
2.75 
2.65 
2.65 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.5 
1.54 
1.54 
1.31 
3.95 
3.95 
4.0 

5.0 

4.0 


74.95 
58.4 
75 

66.4 
54.4 
33.3 
72.0 
66.75 
54.3 
55.0 
16.7 
33.3 
19 

11.2 
16.7 
29 
20 

14.28 
25.0 
12.5 
20.0 
52.3 
49.0 
47.6 
66.7 
82.0 
14.6 
10.5 
12.8 
9.7 ., 
13.0 
7.7 
5.0 
6.5 
3.9 
4.9 
2.5 
4.9 
2.4 
4.76 
4.76 
4.76 
13.65 
9.7 
8.0 
13.0 
22.0 


Eitner 


<« " .... 


Bunte 


<< '' .... 


Clowes 


TTxrrlrriO'PTi 


Eitner 


11 


Bunte 


tt 


M.I.T. 


Cl 


Clowes 


"W^o+pr 0Pn<5 t,Vl POfPtical 


Eitner 


<< " .... 


Bunte 




Clowes 


<< " 




M.I.T. 


t( it 




M.I.T. 


C!nnl Cfift 


14.9 
14.9 
14.9 
14.9 


Eitner 


( ( 


Bunte 


It 


Clerk 


(( 


Clowes 


<< ... 


Clerk 


( ( 




Grover 


Boston illuminating gas 

ti a 

IC 11 

An^fvlpTiP 


""7.9 
7.9 
7.9 
7.9 
7.9 
6.5 
6.5 
9.5 
9.5 
9.5 
3.4 
3.4 
2.7 


M.I.T. 
M.I.T. 
M.I.T. 
Eitner 


<( • 


Bunte 


*' . . . . 


M.I.T. 


ct 




a . . . . 


Clowes 


Tr.+lTirlp-np 


Eitner 


n . . 


Bunte 


A/Ipt.ViaTiP 


Eitner 


a . . . . 


Bunte 


i( 


Clowes 


Ethpr 


Eitner 


(< 


Bunte 


Tlpni/PTiP 


Eitner 


<' . . . 


Bunte 


11 




Eitner 




2.6 
2.6 


Bunte 


< < 


Eitner 




Bunte 


11 QfiO Re 




M.I.T. 


ti 71 o -a A 




M.I.T. 


(t Aco TiA 




M.I.T. 


AlprkViol 


6.5 
6.5 


Eitner 


'.< . . . . 


Bunte 




Hallock 


jjiau oil go/fa 


9.0 


Lucke 


TT+Vinnp 


Clowes 









TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



119 



X 

X 
X 



b 


H 




«2 


o 


^ 




H 


^ 




o 


t-H 

H 


r/7 


r/) 







^ 


W 


o 


^ 


M 

o 


o 


o 


u 


o 




w 


f=^ 


O 


o 






C/J 


g 


t^ 


<J 




Ph 





c8 



Is 
a 
< 

o 
O 



^ 



Xi 



f^ 



O 
O 



ooooocoooio^ooofNoioooooovooooomo 

CO'<^<©OOCOCOOi>-iOOiOcOC<J»000500iOOO-^O^OiOiO 
^«0(»Tt^cOTt^TJ^I>(r)COcOOOO^*^>C5o6oOOOcOOOo6o6 

THi-Hi-HtHTH,-HT--Hi-HTH,-H,-HTHC<lC^T-HiMTH,-H(Nc5T-Hi-HT-HT-^t^ 



(^^l>rt^OTJ^Ol-H0005^-^(^^OOcOCO'rf^cOTt^0051-l^>.ocOTt^ 
l>05»005X>J>COCOT:t<'*'^CiOa5CO(NOOr-iCOI>CO»OT--liOTtHO 

ooOl-Hcocx)lO^»05005^-^^>••^(Nl-^05(^o(^i1-l(^^ooir-IT--I1-^ 
(^lT-^(^^^-^rH1-^r^T-^c^T-^(^^r-^<^^(^J(^^rH(N(^^(^^(^lc^l--l(^l(^l(^^ 



OOOOOOCOOOOOOiOt^iOOiOOOOOiOOiOtOiOCOi-i 
(£)TfiCOC0O5OT-liOOTH00THi:OO5(MOiO00iO00»OI>(MTj<Tti 

(^^l-^(^^rH,-^TH^-^c^c^(NC^(^^(^l<^^<^^<^^<^^<^l(^^(^^(^l(^^(^^<^l(^^ 



"^ O »0 (M tH O O 

QOoo^'C<^lOlO»oo(^^05oocooOlO^--^Or-lco"^coco(^^(^^GO'--l 

1— li— ItHt-It— li— li— It— lCq>— ICqCOi-Hr-lCqi-lC^CQT— li— li— li— (tHi— IC^ 



lO CO CO 05 o o 
COC005COiO>Ot^OO>OCOCOO(MOO»OC<J05'^OOi-iOCOa50i 
CO'^COCOCOCOCO'*COTlH»OcO'^'^iOiOiOCOiO'<^iOCOCO'<ti>0 



(Mi-l'*T}HO<MeOlOrH 



OI:^05C0iOc0»OC0-^C0^0iI>»C00i 
iOCOi-<OiOTj4cOOOC^100'^01>>C005 



C0C0C0e0O00<MC500OT-liOK:iOi-lTHi-i-rJHcDI>(N(M0iO(N 



C<>COiOCOiOiOO"<*'rtiOOOOOT-lcqiOCiCO(NCOTHOOT-HOOCO 
i005COCOCOcDC01>005CDO(MI>l>iOcOcO(M'*-^COfO^CO 

(MOOOcOb-COOfNC^l-rHCOOiOOi— lOOT-HCOOlCOOOcDOt^iO 
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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



121 



O'-<Oi-t>OOOO0000Ot^00C^00t^OI>'C0O»C(N00OO00O 
THCJ<©l>t^(NO'-lOOOOTj<t>.rt^05Ttit^Ca<£)OOCOi:OiOC005COCX) 

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C^-^OtxOiOOOrHl^OO'^iOlMOO'^iOi-iiOfNOOiOeOOOCOOiTH 
t>.<©t>.eOOi-Hl>.cOOCOC0051>-G005rJ<OiC^THl>t^i— (,-iCOCOCOiO 

i--<OCOOC<lt^»OC005000000CT)OOCOI>N.(X)(»t*o6o6l>l>(NcD 
(NC^(N(N(NrHi-lTHi--li--Hi-lT-lTHi--trHT--lr-lT-<r-lr-lr-lT-lr-l,--lTH(N(N 

(NiOOfMCOiOOO^NOO-^COOO^O^l^r^OCOOiOiOOiOiOO 
T^Tt<<»(NOO':OQOI>-cO(NOCOT-iC01>CX)C0001:^l>.'^TtiOOT-H0500 

^-cooo5(^oco»oo05C^(^oo5 05o6cx)^^o6o^ooc<)05odo6o6o5 

C<JC<lC^C^C<IC^i-lTHi--lTHTHrH(NC^THrHr-lrHt--lrHi-lr-lr-(r-lT--l(NC<l 



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CO CO -<:*< CO rH (N 


CO 


to »o 


Oi 


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O 


00 


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CO 


a) 


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TjH 


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122 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Table LXXX 

DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE GAS ENGINES 





Size in 


Inches. 


Test 
Authority. 


Compression. 


Efficiencies 


, Per Cent. 


Dia- 


Engine. 


Bore. 


Stroke. 


Vol. before 


Press, after 
Press.before 


Actual. 


Air Card 
Standard. 


gram 
Factor. 




Vol. after 




Four cycle. ...... 


7.8 


11.8 


Meyer 




3.73-6.45 

t( tc 
(t (t 


25 

24.4 

21.4 

18.8 


44 
42 
37 
33 


.58 
.58 
.58 
.57 


Four cycle 


6 


12 


Burstall 




3.03-8.13 


18.9 


33 


.57 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


21.2 


36 


.59 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


21.9 


43 


.51 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


23.1 


47 


.49 




6 


12 






3:03-8.13 


16.6 


33 


.50 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


18.7 


36 


.52 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


17.2 


43 


.40 




6 


12 






3.03-8.13 


18.1 


47 


.38 


40 H.P. four cycle 


.... 


.... 


Hopkinson 


6.37 




33.5-37.0 


52 


.64-.71 














depending 
upon load 






Cockerill 


51.18 


55.07 


Hubert 




9.18 


22.9 


46.9 


.49 


( < 


33.465 


39.37 


a 




10.35 


25.0 


48.7 


.514 


Delamarre 


22.64 


37.4 


Witz 




5.8 


19.75 


39.7 


.498 


CockeriU 


23.622 


31.5 


Frangois 




7.28 


24.3 


43.4 


.56 


Letombe 


23.622 


31.5 


Witz 




8.03 


27.3 


45.0 


.606 


Winterthur 


20.47 


29.92 


Allaire 




11.2 


25.6 


49.9 


.514 


Cie. Berlin Anhalt 


16.92 


27.56 


Witz 




8.17 


26.9 


45.2 


.595 


Benz 


16.73 

15.75 

14.173 

14.5 

13.78 

13.78 

13 


22 

22.83 

22.87 

22 

22 

21.26 

22.83 


Mathot 
<< 

n 




13.06 
7.35 

11.55 
4.83 
9.12 
9.12 
9.4 


23.8 
31.3 
30.4 
30.6 
18.0 
24.2 
38.8 


52.0 
43.6 
50.3 
36.2 
46.9 
46.9 
47.3 


.457 


Soest 


.718 


Deutz 


.605 


Taneve 


.845 


Fetu 


.384 


Schmitz 


.515 


Otto-Deutz 


.82 


Niel 


13.78 
12.2 


19 
17.7 


Witz 
Mathot 




11.58 

7.75 


31.8 
31.6 


50.4 
44.5 


.63 


Winterthur 


.71 


Schmitz 


11.85 
11.8 


18 
17.7 


It 




11.3 
10.32 


31.3 
25.2 


50.1 

48.7 


.625 


Winterthur 


.518 


Benier 


11.8 

11 

11 


17.3 

20 

18.6 


Witz 
Mathot 




4.39 

10.64 

4.83 


13.75 

29.8 

29.2 


34.3 
49.2 
36.4 


.4 


Tangve 


.605 


Dudbridge 


.802 


Tangye 


10 


19 


11 




5.81 


27.4 


39.7 


.69 


(( 


10 
10 


19 

18 


Witz 
Mathot 




6.8 

5.88 


30.1 
21.2 


42.4 
39.9 


.71 


National 


.53 


Giildner 


9.85 
9.85 


15.75 
15.75 


Schrotter 




10.6 
10.6 


39.0 
33.9 


49.1 
49.1 


.795 


<( 


.69 


Catteau 


9 

7 


18 
16 


Witz 
Hirsch 




12.59 
10.2 


37.2 
25.8 


51.5 
48.6 


.723 


Tangye 


.53 


Four cycle 


6 


12 


Burstall 


4 




21.0 


42.8 


.49 


<( 


6 


12 


( < 


2.44 




' 18.0 


29.6 


.608 


(< 


6 


12 


< ( 


4 




18.0 


42.8 


.42 


(( 


6 


12 


(( 


2.78 




17.6 


33.3 


.529 


11 


6 


12 


(( 


2.7 




16.4 


32.7 


.502 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



123 



Table LXXX — Continued 
DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES 





Size in 


Inches. 


Test 
Authority. 


Compression. 


Efficiencies, 


Per Cent. 


Dia- 


Engine. 


Bore. 


Stroke. 


Vol. before Press, after 


Actual. 


Air Card 
Standard. 


gram 
Factor. 




Vol. after 


Press.before 




Fourcycle 


6 


12 


< < 


2.04 




16.2 


34.6 


.468 




6 


12 


<( 


2.17 




15.6 


26.2 


.595 




6 


12 


( ( 


4.0 




13.6 


42.8 


.318 




6 


12 


( ( 


4.0 




13.4 


42.8 


.313 




6 


12 


( ( 


1.75 




12.6 


19.5 


.646 




6 


12 


( ( 


2.7 




11.7 


32.7 


.358 




6 


12 


n 


2.22 




19.4 


26.9 


.721 




6 


12 


11 


2.94 




20.0 


35.0 


.572 




6 


12 


( i 


4.0 




22.7 


42.8 


.53 




8^ 


13 


Meyer 


3.75 




32.7 


41.2 


.794 




8^ 


13 


< ( 


3.6 




26.8 


40.3 


.665 




81 


13 


I i 


2.84 




20.2 


35.2 


.574 



Compression pressure ratio has been calculated assuming an initial pressure of 14.7 lbs. 
per square inch. 

Table LXXXI 
HEAT BALANCES OF GAS AND OIL ENGINES (Per Cent of Gas or Oil Heat) 



Engine and Authority. 



I.II.P. 



B.H.P. 



Friction. 



Exhaust. 



Jacket. 



Radiation 
and Un- 
accounted 
for. 



Donkin 

Beck engine, Kennedy 

Griffin engine, Kennedy 

Atkinson engine, Kennedy 

Otto Crossley engine, Kennedy. , . . 

Comp. Ratio. R.P.M. a/g (Air-gas) 

2.67 187 7.11, Slaby 

2.67 247 7.35, Slaby 

4.32 187 7.43, Slaby 

4.32 247 7.40, Slaby 

General, Mathot 

Westinghouse, Bibbins 

300 H.P. engine at 197 H.P., Eberly 
'' '' 294 H.P., Eberly 

'' " 335 H.P. , Eberly 

6 H.P. engine, I.C.E 

24 H.P. engine, I.C.E 

Deutz 2 H.P., WimpUnger 

Giildner 20 H.P., Schroter 

Wabath 75 H.P., Geer and Yane- 
lain 

300 H.P., Goldsmith and Hart 
wig 

Hornsby, Robinson 

De la Vergne F. H., Towl 

Pierce- Arrow, Chase 



22.32 

19.4 

21.1 

25.5 

22.1 

18.0 

18.1 

24.4 

23.7 

33.0 

29.48 

43.5 

45.8 

41.5 

31.8 

33.3 

21.5 

42.7 

27.1 

24.4 

21 

40.14 



28.0 
24.9 
33.5 
32.2 
30.9 
26.7 
28.3 
16.1 



21.3 

17.1 
18 

27.52 
18 



5.0 

4.58 
10.0] 
13.6 
10.6 

5.1 

5 

5.4 



5.8 

7.3 
3 
12.62 



43.29 

42.9 

39.8 

37.9 

35.5 

30.8 

36.3 

21.8 

26.8 

31.0* 

36.3 

24.1 

23.9 

24.8 

41.1 

37.1 

25 

24.1 

23.4 

50.6 

29 

20.03 



32.96 

33.0 

35.2 

27.0 

43.2 



51.2 

45.6 

53.8 

49.5 

36.0 

34.22 

34.3 

31.8 

33.8 

27.1] 

29. 6j 

50.4 

33.2 



1.43 

4.7 
3.9 
9.6 

8 excess 



\x 



1.9 excess 
1.5 '* 
.1 '' 



3.1 



49.5 ■ 

25.0 
50 

26.50 
29.4 



13.33 



* Including radiation, t Including pumps. % Including external radiation. 



124 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Table LXXXII 
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES 

(m.e.p') = 5.4 F^ [l " O "t^J Eq. (933) 



Px 

Pa 
Atmos 


^Px^ 


[-©*] 


^A^-im 


Px 
Pa 

Atmos 


^Px^ 


[-(f:)*] 


^■A^-{m 




1 


.0000 


.000 




.2150 


.4592 


2.481 


1.0 


1.000 






8.6 


9.332501-10 


9 . 662040-10 


. 394658 




.878 


.0508 


.274 




.2115 


.4628 


2.500 


1.2 


9.43442-10 


8.705522-10 


9.438140-10 


8.8 


9.325369-10 


9.665384-10 


, 398002 




.786 


.0917 


.495 




.2082 


.4662 


2.519 


1.4 


9.895623-10 


8.962180-10 


9.694798-10 


9 


9.318398-10 


9.668591-10 


0.401209 




.715 


.1256 


.679 




.1931 


.4821 


2.604 


1.6 


9.854271-10 


9.098990-10 


9.831608-10 


10 


9.285714-10 


9.683092-10 


.415710 




.656 


.1546 


.835 




.1804 


.4960 


2.680 


1.8 


9.817662-10 


9.189181-10 


9.921799-10 


11 


9.256148-10 


9.695456-10 


.428074 




.610 


.1797 


.971 




.1695 


.5083 


2.746 


2.0 


9.784979-10 


9.254451-10 


9.987069-10 


12 


9.229156-10 


9.706154-10 


,438172 




.569 


.2017 


1.090 




.1601 


.5195 


2.807 


2.2 


9.755412-10 


9.304706-10 


.037324 


13 


9.204328-10 


9.715552-10 


.448170 




.535 


.2213 


1.196 




.1518 


.5295 


2.861 


2.4 


9.728421-10 


9.344981-10 


.077599 


14 


9.181337-10 


9.723891-10 


.456509 




.505 


.2389 


1.291 




.1445 


.5378 


2.911 


2.6 


9.703591-10 


9.378234-10 


.110842 


15 


9.159935-10 


9.731355-10 


.463973 




.479 


.2549 


1.377 




.1380 


.5471 


2.956 


2.8 


9.680601-10 


9.406300-10 


. 138918 


16 


9.139914-10 


9.738099-10 


.470717 




.456 


.2694 


1.456 




.1322 


.5549 


2.998 


3.0 


9.659199-10 


9.430398-10 


.163016 


17 


9.121108-10 


9.744231-10 


.476849 




.436 


.2827 


1.528 




.1269 


.5621 


3.037 


3.2 


9.639179-10 


9.451403-10 


. 184021 


18 


9.103376-10 


9 . 749837-10 


.482455 




.417 


.2951 


1.594 




.1221 


.5688 


3.073 


3.4 


9.620372-10 


9.469925-10 


.202543 


19 


9.086604-10 


9.754990-10 


.487608 




.401 


.3065 


1.656 




.1177 


.5751 


3.107 


3.6 


9.602641-10 


9 . 486402-10 


.219020 


20 


9.070693-10 


9.799751-10 


.492369 




.385 


.3171 


1.713 




.1136 


.5810 


3.139 


3.8 


9.585869-10 


9.501223-10 


.233841 


21 


9.055556-10 


9.764169-10 


.496787 




.372 


.3271 


1.767 




.1099 


.5865 


3.169 


4.0 


9.569957-10 


9.514615-10 


. 247233 


22 


9.041126-10 


9.768283-10 


.500901 




.359 


.3364 


1.817 




.1065 


.5915 


3.197 


4.2 


9.554822-10 


9.526804-10 


.259422 


23 


9.027337-10 


9.772131-10 


.504749 




.347 


.3451 


1.865 




.1033 


.5967 


3.224 


4.4 


9.540391-10 


9.537983-10 


.270601 


24 


9.014135-10 


9.775741-10 


.508359 




.336 


.3534 


1.909 




.1003 


.6014 


3.249 


4.6 


9.526601-10 


9.548255-10 


.280873 


25 


9.001471-10 


9.779127-10 


.511745 




.327 


.3612 


1.952 




.0976 


.6058 


3.273 


4.8 


9.513399-10 


9.557760-10 


.290378 


26 


8.989305-10 


9.782339-10 


.514947 




.3168 


.3686 


1.991 




.0950 


.6100 


3.296 


5.0 


9.500736-10 


9.566579-10 


.299197 


27 


8.977597-10 


9.785344-10 


.517962 




.3080 


.3757 


2.030 




.0925 


.6141 


3.318 


5.2 


9.488569-10 


9.574794-10 


.307413 


28 


8.966316-10 


9.788204-10 


.520822 




.2998 


.3823 


2.066 




.0902 


.6179 


3.338 


5.4 


9.476861-10 


9.582461-10 


.315079 


29 


8.955430-10 


9.790918-10 


.523536 




.2921 


.3887 


2.100 




.0881 


.6215 


3.358 


5.6 


9.465580-10 


9.589648-10 


.322266 


30 


8.944914-10 


9.793504-10 


.526122 




.2849 


.3948 


2.133 




.0860 


.6251 


3.377 


5.8 


9.454694-10 


9.596410-10 


.329028 


31 


8.934741-10 


9.795963-10 


.528581 




.2781 


.4007 


2.165 




.0841 


.6285 


3.396 


6.0 


9.444178-10 


9.602776-10 


.335394 


32 


8.924893-10 


9.798305-10 


.530923 




.2716 


.4063 


2.195 




.0823 


.6318 


3.413 


6.2 


9.434006-10 


9.608794-10 


.341414 


33 


9.915347-10 


9.800546-10 


.533164 




.2656 


.4116 


2.224 




.0806 


.6349 


3.430 


6.4 


9.424157-10 


9.614486-10 


.347104 


34 


8.906086-10 


9.802691-10 


.535309 




.2598 


.4168 


2.252 




.0789 


.6379 


3.446 


6.6 


9.414611-10 


9.619886-10 


.352504 


35 


8.897094-10 


9 . 804746-10 


.537364 




.2543 


.4217 


2.278 




.0773 


.6408 


3.462 


6.8 


9.405351-10 


9 . 625025-10 


.357643 


36 


8.888355-10 


9.807623-10 


.539341 




.2491 


.4265 


2.304 




.0758 


.6436 


3.477 


7.0 


9.396359-10 


9 . 629909-10 


.362527 


37 


8.879056-10 


9.808616-10 


.541234 




.2441 


.4311 


2.329 




.0744 


.6463 


3.492 


7.2 


9.387620-10 


9.634558-10 


.367176 


38 


8.871583-10 


9.810434-10 


.543052 




.2394 


.4355 


2.353 




.0730 


.6489 


3.506 


7.4 


9.379120-10 


9.639008-10 


.371626 


39 


8.863525-10 


9.812192-10 


.544810 




.2349 


.4398 


2.376 




.0717 


.6514 


3.520 


7.6 


9.370847-10 


9.643265-10 


.375883 


40 


8.855671-10 


9.813881-10 


.546499 




.2306 


.4439 


2.399 




.0705 


.6539 


3.533 


7.8 


9.362789-10 


9.647334-10 


.379952 


41 


8.848011-10 


9.815511-10 


.548129 




.2264 


.4480 


2.440 




.0693 


.6563 


3.546 


8.0 


9.354936-10 


9.651239-10 


.383857 


42 


8.840733-10 


9.817082-10 


.549700 




.2225 


.4518 


2.446 




.0681 


.6586 


3.558 


8.2 


9.247276-10 


9 . 654984-10 


.387602 


43 


8.833147-10 


9.818609-10 


.551227 




.2187 


.4556 


2.462 




.0670 


.6608 


3.570 


8.4 


9.339801-10 


9.658584-10 


.391202 


44 


8.826105rl0 


9.820076-10 


.552694 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 

Table LXXXIII 

VALUES OF C FOR AIR FLOW (Weisbach) 

Orifice of diameter = .394 ins. 
Rp ... 1.05 1.09 1.43 1.65 1.89 2.15 

C 555 .589 .692 .724 .754 .788 

Orifice of diameter = .843 ins. 
Rp .. 1.05 1.09 1.36 1.67 2.01 

C 558 .573 .634 .678 .723 

Short tube, diameter = .394 ins.and length = 1.181 ins. 
Rp.... 1.05 1.10 1.30 

C 730 .771 .830 

Short tube, diameter = .557 and length = 1.673 ins. 

Rp 1.41 1.69 

C 813 .822 

Short tube, diameter = .394 ins. and length = .630 ins. rounded entrance 
Rp.... 1.24 1.38 1.59 1.85 2.14 

C...... .979 .986 .965 .971 .978 

C= coefficient of friction in formula v = C\/2gh 
Rp = ratio of pressures. 

The coefficient of effiux, Ce, Weisbach gives as follows: 

For conoidal mouthpiece with pressures from 0.23 to 1.1 atm. Ce=.97 to .99 

Circular orifices in thin plates, = .56 to .79 

Short cylindrical mouthpieces, = .81 to .84 

The same rounded at inner end, = .92 to .93 

Conical converging, = .90 to .99 



125 



Table LXXXIV 
FLOW CHANGE RESISTANCE FACTORS Fj^ (Reitschel) 



Condition. 



Resistance Factor r 



R 



Sharp 90° elbow 

"■ 135° elbow 

Long bend : r = width of duct 

r =2 to 4 duct widths 

" r = 5 to 6 duct widths 

Long bend 135° 

Long double offset 

Outlet register with valves | free area and 2 X flue area 

" " face at | free area 

* ' wire screens 1.5 Xflue area 

Entrance for square corners 

" rounded corners 

' * flue extending into header as short pipe . . 

Enlargement of area from Ai to A2, sharp corners 

Reduction of area from A2 to Ai, sharp corners 

Free discharge into room when velocity becomes zero . 



1.1 
.3 
.25 
.15 
.07 
.15 
.4 to .1 
.6 
.4 

0.0 

1.0 
.5 to .2 

1.5 



(■43 



126 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



> 
X 
X 
X 



< 

o 
o 

w 

H 
O 

Q 

P^ 
P^ 

tf p^ 
o s 

<Jl Ph 

o 






P^ 
<1 



OJ 



»— ( 

P5 
P^ 

H 

Q 

!z; 
a 



H 

O 

Eh 

t— I 








o 

(1) 

a 
a 



o 






w 4, 



00 CO 
1> CO 



10 

CO 



^ 

!> 



CO »-l fD CO 
CO !>. CO !>. 



00 
CO 



CO w 



O O CO 10 
i> o CO CO 



CO 



00 00 CO 
t^ CO CO 



CO 



10 



05 



C^ 10 00 (N 



CO 



CO (M 



CO O 05 Oi 



00 



00 CO 00 



irH r-l (N 






to CO Tj< CO 

(M (M T-l 1-t 



10 



05 00 
(M 1-i 



Ci CO CO t^ 

(M tH (M tH 



O 
CO 



o u:) 00 

CO <N (M 



^ '^ o »-. 

Q4 



I— 1^ 



in o* 

-902 



a 
o 
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CLi . ■ 

.mo' 



a 
'to 
a 



CO O Ci 



06 



00 1> 1> 00 
CO 00 Oi tH 



00 
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Tti CD !>. !> 

O 05 1> 1-1 
(N i-H 1-1 



CO 






10 

rt^ O 

Tt< l> oi 

C^ T-l rH 






00 
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10 CO 
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CO 



10 



05 CO 

10 O 



CO 

10 



CO Tj< 
1> tH 



OS 



00 CO CO 
10 05 05 



Oi CO 

1-H (N 



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"* <N CO r-l 
1-H tH (N (N 



CO 



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05 CO (N r-l 

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00 



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a 05 



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05 



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00 



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05 05 



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»0 r}< rj< 05 05 



Ttl 



CO 05 C<l 05 



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l> 05 CO 



05 (N 






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05 



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O 05 l> 1:^ 



05 



05 

^ t>. CO t>. 



00 10 05 

05 00 l^ <M 



C<l tH rt< Tt< 



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o i-H n 

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10 CO 



o 

05 



CO CO "<* ^ o 

CO CO CO T— I TjH 



00 O 05 
CO 05 05 



t^ t^ 00 (N 

10 CO CO 00 



00 
00 



05 T-H O 
(M "^ O 
r-l rfi (N 



5 • cfi 

o Ph" n:3 

>_ o o 
Soft 

o 
o 

02 
CO 

O 



X 

XX 

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o 
ft' 



ftCI 



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8p^ 



P^'o 

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t^ 00 

c3 00 

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a 
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w 

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p:) 

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fl 

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ft 

a 

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gp^ 
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o 

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a 

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do 
go 



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P^ 

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00 

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^ ^ Qj 



a^ 



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o 

fl 

o 
a 

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02 O '-s 



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ft 

a 

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t) 

02 

02 

o 

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02 -S 
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05 

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jajviOtj i-BiauaQ 'sauiSug; uo^^sitj Xi'Buoi^'B^g 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



127 



00 









C<J 


T}< 


to 


-^ 


o 


»o 


o 


(M 


05 


t^ 


l> 


to 


t^ 


t^ 


t^ 


1> 


t- 


CO 



o 

CO 



00 (M 



CO 



CO 



lO 



Tt< 



•>* 



00 



00 



(N 



OO t^ 00 



CO 






00 



05 



O 
CO 



o 

CO 



00 






05 



CO 



to 



CO O CO 
OS 



O 05 



CO 
oi 



(N 1> CO 






05 O 



CO 
HO 



05 



o 



T}1 

OS 



00 



CO 

CO 



CD 
O 



00 



CO 



CO 



(M 



(M 



(N 



O 



(N 



(M 



i6 



00 00 
tH OS 









CO 



OS 



tH O 
lO (M 



CO 

CO 



lO 



00 lO 






(N 



CO 



(N 



CO 
CO 



OS 



o 
o 



CO 



OS 



OS 
tH 



CO 

OS lO 00 



00 o 

tH (M 



OS 



"^ 



o 



CO CO (N 

CO Tt< CO 



(N 



o 






CO 

(M 



CO 



CO 
00 



CO 






(N (N 



rt< 



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CO 



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CO 



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CO 



rt< 



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1-1 i-H CI O 



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CO 
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T-t 



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a ^ 

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a.- 

13 ■ 
ft 



o 

HO 



ftos 



S 00 q; T-H 
02 h-1 



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X 

1-<I<N 
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X 

OS 

(M 
X 

iq 

OS 



g 

"bb 

PI 

bC 

PI 

ft 

s; 

ftP^H 

^^ 

q; CO 

O Ti< 



CO 

X 

o 

CO 

o 

M 

o 



'3b 

S 

bD 

fl 

'ft 

a. 
ft' 



X 

CO 

PI 

• 1—1 

o 

PL, 



ftp4 

PH 00 



P5 

g 

*bb 

PI 

bC 
P 

•r-( 
ft 

ftPM 
ftP^ 



X 

1—1 

X 

(M 

ff 
O 
-tJ 

02 

O 

PQ 
oT 

*bb 

PI 
<j 

bD 

PI 

ft 

i; 

ft 



P3 OS 

<1 



P^ 

g^P^ 

9 lo 

'ft-'- 
'_S <^ 

!>.X 

O o 



o 

CO 

o" 

bD 

o3 
c;> 

'r-i 

o 

qT 
fl 
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fl 

(U 
bD 
PI 

•tH 
ft 



3 
ft 

ft 

-*^PL| 

■5pl; 



X 

OS 

X 



o 

bD 
e3 
t^ 

M 

o 

a 

"bb 

fl 
m 

bD 
c 

ft 

a 

ft<==5 
ft(^. 

"^ 00 
Ph 



a 
PI 



ft 



bD-S 



oO 



T o 

. ft 
o 



'T3 

-t-3 
a; 

ft 
=3 



CO 
X 

CO 



> 

• 1—1 

a 
P 

<D 

P) 

Pi 
P4 



O 

• >-i 

-1-3 

03 

o 

02 

a 
o 






(N 



ft 



o3 



0) o 

.to 

|i 

O <D 
O -2 



M fH 



Ph o 

J 00 

Ph.- 

w '3 ^ 

.|x 

i § X 

i:^ a iW 

TO 0) C^ 
<1PU| 



lO 
(N 

X 

!>; 

CO 

1-4 

X 



o 

p[ 
P^ 



•a^ 

^Ph' 

TO 

^ 9 

pj CO 
Ph 



r 



Suidinntt'saniSug; uo^^sTjJ iCj'Buoi^'B^g 



lossajd 
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aAT:^oraoocr[ 



k 



128 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



o 



> 

X 
X 
X 



u 
o 

I— I 

w 

w 

C 
H 

Q 

W 
P^ 
P^ 

Qj Ph 

o g 



o 

(—1 

Q 

1—1 

[X4 



12; 

I— I 

w 

p:5 
P 
H 

Q 

o 



<5 

m 

H 

c 

I— I 
Ph 



>» M 












ro 






flH 



W 






I— I ^ 



1-1 



O 

o 



3 



in m , 
■; to D* 



a 



CO 

10 



o 

OS 



00 

00 



CO 



d 



CO 



"^ 



CO 



00 

1>^ 



10 






05 



c3 

02 



CO 

o 



(M 



CO 

X 



> 
• 1—1 

O 

a 

o 

i=l 

Ti 
o 
ft 

a 

P^'Ph 
>:; 

'>;^ 

w CO 
g (M 

Ph 



00 
X 
(M 

a*^ 

CD 






o 

> 
o 
O Ph 

I— I 



^ 



CO 

10 



10 

CO 



o o 

t^ CO 



1> 



CO 

10 



10 



iO 



o 

CO 



00 



T}H 



(N 



CO 



CO t^ CO 05 

C^ 1-1 <N (M 



C5 



CO 



1-1 r}< 00 
1> t>-' CO ^ 



10 



1—1 CO 

C^ i-( 



00 



"* 



10 

CO 






CO 



CO 



CO OS 
OS CO* 



CO 



CO 

CO 



OS 



CO 



10 



10 






o 



OS tH 



OS 



"^ 



OS 00 



CO 



1> 



CO !>. 



b- 

'<i< 



CO 

OS 



10 
06 

OS 



10 
06 

OS 



06 

OS 






a, 

m 
o 
(M 



Q 



CO 

10 



o 

00 



o 



CO (M 

CO CO 



CO 



CO 
OS 



X 

o 
J> 

X 

"^ 

Tin 

X 

OS 

g 
'3b 
fl 

d 

X 



o 

a.- 

goo 



OS 
CO 

X 

i> 
10 

X 

'^ 

CO 

X 

(M 

oT 

fl 
*5b 

I 

"ft 



o3 

O 
I— I 

a 

"rS Ph 

m • 

gP^ 
^ _j 

^ CO 

02 



X 

»o 

i-H 

X 

OS 
(M 

g 
'Eb 

a 

d 

o 

c3 ^ 
:3 '^ 

<^Ph 

1^ 

o3 
02 



Oh ^ 

CO 



X 
X 



n3 
fl 
;3 
o 
ft 

a 

o 
o 

a 

a 

0) 

tn 
§.2 



CO 
CO 

X 

CO 
CO 

X 

1— I 

a 

=! 

o 

ft 

a 

o 
o 
I 

CQ 
«2 
O 
1^ 

c;> 



G .a 

S-i 

c3 



02 
O t-i 



03 



OS 

CO 

X 

00 

10 

OS 

CO 

X 

10 

(M 

'ft '^ 



ft 



m wr O ^ k— I 

5 fl " ^^ 



^ w o ^ p^ .g 



^ -t-= 



"5 ^ tH 

1=1 c3 S^ 



<D O 



> O 

O ^ h tH 



a 2 

03 rrt 

02 



ost>-i-iioo^<Nr^ 

iO^Ol>.OOI:>-t^t>. 



T-i»OTt<00^CO00i-* 



OCTSOSOSOS-^COr-C 
CO<M(M<N(MCOCOCO 



"* ilO 10 

cooooo-^cot-ioo 



l>COI>.(MCO'<:i<'^Tl< 
i-Ii-Ht-I(M<N(M(M(M 



OS Tj< (N 


t^ OS CO (M -^ 
»0 (M (N 10 l> 




CO (M 

T— 1 1—1 


OS OS 00 00 00 


* 




(N tH (M »0 10 (N 
I> CO Tt^ CO 



(N (M (N 



(M 



OOOO-^OOOSC^C^O 
OSOSCO(MOSC^CO>0 



ft-M 
xQ m 



ft- - 

K^O o o 

i? 1-1 t^ OS 

ft 00 OS »o 



& ft & 

TO g CQ 



CO 



OOCO(N(NT-(OSIr^ 
0S0S(M0S000SOiO 

1— li— IC^rHT-li-(C^TH 



.2 

03 

02 



o 
Ph 



o 
o 

o 

CD 

a 

•I-H 

=3 Ph 



03 
P 

M 

o 
o 



>1 




03 :;: 
00 r ^'■^ 

„ o o o 
p o o o 

^ 3 10 CO 

bp bp „ 02 03 

a.a M o g 

4) fl^ S H 



O 

.a 



c3 

02 ^ )<. h^ pJ 03 CJ 
<5ft^^OPHPH 



S3 S 



-ouioocyj 



drqsui'Ba^S gui^^ooidtoa^ 



oaiqjnx 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



129 



Tt< t^ «0 lO t>. 


1—1 


on 


CM 


CO 


CO 


00 


CM 


crs 00 ''^^ !>. TjH 


OS 


t>. t^ CO CO CO 


Tt^ 


^ 


t^ 


1> 


CO 


iO 


UO 


uo 


CO 


lO lO 


lO 


o 

a 






























































03 


rH Tt^ 


lO 


t^ 


CO 


!>. 


CO 


r^ 


CM 




CM 


05 




O !>■ CO 


C5 


-4J 


O CO 


Oi 


CO 


r^ 


tH 


1^ 


o 


CO 


CO 


00 


05 


Oi 


^ 


lO CO 


00 


CO CO 


(M 


<M 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


CO 


T— 1 


CM 


1—1 


CM 


CM 


CO 


CO 1-1 


r-t 


t-l 


























lO 


lO 




lO 


•^ CX) to (M 


CO 


T-l 


rt< 


1—1 


CO 


»o 


CO 


CO 




1—1 


1-1 CO 


CO 


II 


(N >0 


05 


1^ 


rH 


CO 


00 


CM 


Oi 


CO 


o 


lO 


r^ 


CO 


OS t^ 


o 


>. 


<N (N 


t-H 


1-4 


r-l 






CM 




1—1 


1—1 


1-1 


r-l 


CM 


1— I 


1—1 


o 

a 


00 Oi 




fN 


^ 






N. 


1— 1 






CM 


o 


tH 


CM 






lO lO 


00 


^ 


CO 


lO 


C5 


CM 


rH 


O CO ^ 


lO 


t^ 


Th 00 


T-l 




03 t> 


o 


CO 


1— 1 


1—1 


05 


O 


lO 


'^ 


CO 


CO 


CM 


00 


o t^ 


CO 


o 




T-i 


1— 1 


CM 


'^ 


CM 


T— 1 


CM 


1—1 


CO 


1-1 


T— 1 




T-l 1—1 


CM 


Oj 


t^ cq 


fN 


cq 


fN 


CI 


(M 




CM 


lO 


CM 


o 


CO 


CJi 


CM rti 


05 


a 

0) 


lO CT> 


05 


(N 


05 


C5 


Oi 


CO 


O 


Oi 


Oi 


'^ 


^ 


o 


O 05 


Oi 


o 


T-^ 


1—1 


CO 


05 


Oi 


Oi 


CM TtH '=i^ 


05 


CM 


rtH 


tH 


1-1 


1-1 


f1 








(N 


(N 


CM 








CM 












0) 
































































to 


I> lO ^ 


00 








CM 


t^ 


CO 




00 


a 


CO 


O CO 


00 


a 


l> TjH 


a> 


lO t:^ !> 1> 


1—1 


Ci '^ t^ 


1— I 


1—i 


lo 


IQ r^ 


Ci 


Fi 






1—1 






1-1 


1-1 


1— 1 


CM 


1—1 


1— 1 


CM 








3 

"3 
CO 

S3 


§•§■ 

o 


o 


m 


- 


: 


^* 










o 





o 


t-l 
^"^ 


^ 


a> 
'3b 




o 


tH 


^« 


^ 


^« 


u 


O 


^ 


CM 


o 


o 


O 1-1 


1—1 




1—1 


Q 








1> 

05 


Q 


Q 


1—1 




I— 1 




1^ 


c3 
S3 
































TJ 
















-* 












1—1 


!>• 


B 


t^ 00 


Oi 


(N 


lO 


lO 


to 


00 


(^ 


Oi 


o 


T— 1 


lO 


CM 


Oi CO 


^ 


o 


00 00 


CO 


lO 


CO 


1— 1 


CO 


C5 


I— t 


r^ 


Oi 


O 


o 


00 


00 1-1 


1— 1 


<4-t 


1-1 1-1 


1—1 


r-1 


1—1 


1—1 


1—1 


1-1 




1—1 


rH 


CM 


CM 


1—1 


1— 1 




•r) 



o 

(h 1— ( 

H S 

1 1 

.m !^ W ^-^ 
> S "^^ ^ 

|> ^=7^ tH (U 

M ^ CD .Si 

"^ C3 03 -U 



O 

»o 






O 3 ^^ <^ 



O '-' 

NO 



03 

Q 



»o 
1> 









o 
o 

lO 

t> 

C 
o 

m 
O 
bO 

OJ . • 



p 



O 



O 
O 
O 



o 
o 



o 
o 
o 






O 
' o 

f-l 

o 

faJD 
C 



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o 

fcJD 
c3 



p p 

O! M 

02 02 

OJ 02 

f-i fa 

^>' 

MM 



•^ p 

OP^ 



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l-H 

(H 

ft a 
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^ 



fa 



130 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



P 
O 

> ^ 






O 

o 

in 
"^ 

O 
I— I 



ni 


eaqoui 
ja^aiutJiQ 


O CO CD 05 (N 

CO CO CO CO •># 


CO Tj< O CO (M 

■* ic CO CD r^ 


00 T*< O CD IN 

t^ 00 05 o> O 

1-1 


00 tJH O IN ■* 

O rH (N CO Tl( 


saqoui 
ajBUbs jo' apig 

91'Bnbs 


1>. O <N lO 00 
(N CO CO CO CO 


CO 00 T)< 05 '^ 
■* Tt( IC IC CO 


O IC O CO 1-1 

r^ t^ 00 00 03 


CO rH t- t>. 00 

OS O O rH (M 

rH 1— 1 rH rH 


4^ 

>> 

O 
o 


o 
o 


03 

o 

ft 

1 

<0 
CD 

O 

w 

'S 

u. 
aj 

s 
s 

o 

o 






O l> CO I> 03 
O CO 05 CO iC 

Tjl CO 00 1H Tt< 
rH i-< 1-1 IN <N 


rH O 00 O CD 

t^ O ■* O IN 

t^ rH -^ IN O 

IN CO CO tH »C 


1—1 






(N CD 03 O 05 
00 tH ?0 Tt< (N 
CO CD 00 1-1 •* 
-H 1-1 1-1 (N (N 


CD rH IC l> CO 

CO CD O ■* CD 

t^ O ^ rH OS 

IN CO CO "* ■* 


o 




iH 

IC 

rH 

rH 


Tt< iC IC <N l> 
CO 05 ■* 1-1 05 
CO iC 00 1-1 CO 

rH rH 1-1 IN IN 


O IN rH CO OS 

O IN CD OS <3S 
l> O CO O 00 
IN CO CO '^ ■* 


00 

1-1 




CD 
CO 

tH 

1—1 


CD TjH O Tt* CO 
■* t> IN 00 CD 
CO IC 00 O CO 

rH rH rH (N <N 


■* 0? CD 03 ■* 

CO OO rH CO CO 

CO 03 CO O (» 
IN (N CO -* ■* 


rH 




o 

<N 

1H 

1-< 


00 CO IC CD 00 
(N iC Oi iC CO 
CO IC 1> O CO 

1-1 1-1 rH !N <N 


00 rH T-K-'illf. 00 

(N •* t^ 00 CO 
CO OS IN OS t» 
IN <N CO CO Tjf 


rH 




00 iC 
OS i-( 

1—1 


O rH 1— 1 t>. 1— 1 
rH CO t^ (N O 
CO iC l> O CO 
rH rH rH IN (N 


<N O CO OS rH 
OS O IN (N O 
IC OS (N OS t^ 
(N (N CO CO ^ 


O 

tH 




O 00 

Oi O 

1—1 


rH 0> IC 00 00 
05 O -^ 03 CO 

(N IC 1> 03 (N 

rH 1—1 rH rH (N 


■* 00 OS (N (N 
IC IC l> 1> CO 

•C 00 rH 00 CO 

(N IN CO CO rt< 


T-l 




1-1 CO 

00 o 
1-1 


(N l> 03 00 Tt< 
t>. 00 rH CD CO 

<N rj< t^ 05 IN 

rH 1-1 rH r-( <N 


CD CO IN IC >C 
T-{ ■!-{ CO ■r^ ^ 
IC 00 rH 00 iC 
(N (N CO CO rH 


O 

to 

I— 1 




IC l> CO 
1-1 t^ IC 
«> 00 o 

tH 


IN Tt^ CO 00 O 
IC CO 03 CO O 

(N tJ< CO (3i IN 

rH rH rH rH (N 


00 CO ■* CO iC 
t^ t^ 00 iC OS 

T}< t> O 1> •* 

(N <N CO CO Tj< 


I— 1 




rj< Tt< O 
O CO tH 
l> 00 O 

rH 


(N rH CD t> IC 

CO tJ< O O CD 

IN -<J< CO 05 rH 
rH rH rH rH (N 


OS OS CD 1> rf* 
CO IN CO OS (N 
■* l> O CD Tl< 
(N IN CO CO Tjf 


o 

I— I 




(N 05 CO 

Ol Tt< (N 
CO 00 o 

-H 


(N 00 03 CD O 

rH rH CO t^ CO 
(N Tt* CD X rH 
■r-\ T-K T-i T^ C^ 


OS iC CO t^ (N 
OS 00 00 CO IC 
CO CD OS CO CO 
IN (N IN CO Tt( 


1—1 




(N O »C CO 
■<*< 00 CO O 
»C CD 00 O 

1—1 


IN tJ< <N iC Tf< 

05 05 rH Ttl 05 
rH CO CO 00 O 
1— 1 rH 1— t rH CV) 


OS P CD CD OS 
IC ^ CO t^ t> 
CO CO OS IC <N 
IN iN (N CO -* 


o 

rH 




(N O rH 00 

CO CO (N 00 
»C CO 00 05 


rH O -* CO 00 
t^ l> 00 rH IC 
rH CO iC 00 O 
rH rH rH rH IN 


00 Tt< iC -^ iC 

rH OS 00 r-H O 

CO iC 00 IC IN 
(N CN (N 00 tJ< 


CO 




CO i> CO o 
(M ic o r- 

IC CO 00 05 


O >C IC O rH 
IC ■* >C 00 IN 
rH CO »C l> O 
rH rH rH rH (N 


CD t>i CO O 
l> T)< 00 IC 
(N »C 00 ■<# 
IN IN IN CO 


125 130 




CD CO rft 1-1 (N 
05 1-1 T)H O >C 
CO >C CO t> 05 


(33 O CO l> CO 

IN IN (N ■<*< 00 
rH CO IC N. 03 


■* OS 
CO OS 
IN -^ 
"N IN 




05 CO <N CO ■* 
00 O CO Iv CO 
CO IC CO l> 05 


t> •* CO CO Tj( 

O 03 03 rH Tfl 
rH (N Tj< t> 03 


O 
OS 
rH 
(N 


o 

1-1 




1-1 CO 0> O CO 

00 03 1-1 CO rH 

CO Tj< CO t> Oi 


Tff 00 CO 00 iC 
00 CO CO l> o 
O <N Tj< CD 03 

1-K y^ y~{ i-< -r-k 




i-( 
1—1 




CO <N CO Tt< CO 
l> 00 O ■<# 05 
CO ■<# CO l> 00 


(N rH kC CO 

CD rj< CO ■* 
O (N Tl< CD 

rH rH 1— 1 rH 




o 

1— ( 
1-1 


1—1 


>C IN CO 00 CD 
CD 1> 05 IN 1> 

CO Ttf IC l> 00 


00 Tj< 
CO -r-^ 

O (N 




o 

1-1 


CO 


CO 1-1 05 1-1 CD 
>C CO Ni 1-1 iC 
CO '•* IC l^ 00 


o 




o 
o 

1—1 


00 
IC 


00 05 IC Tt< IC 
T^ ■<** CD 05 CO 
CO Tf IC CO 00 






05 


Ttl 1-t 
1-1 IC 

IN (N 


05 00 rH CO 

CO CO »C l> 
CO Tj< IC CD 






o 


CO 00 tC 
1> o ■<*< 
1-1 (N C^ 


o r^ CD 

CO IN CO 
CO Tf »c 






00 


O t^ 00 (N 00 
rH CO CO O CO 
-4 rH ,H (N (M 


iD iC 
(N 1-1 
CO ■* 






o 

00 


t^ CO CO CO rH 
O CO CO 05 CO 
T-l 1-H rH ,-( (N 


1—1 
CO 






aa'Bn 


bg ut 'B9jy 


tH Tt< t^ O <N 

CTi (35 O CO CO 


t^ O -* CD l> 
IC 0> CD t>. <N 


00 00 00 J> ic 

rH •<# rH (N l> 


IN 00 T}< 00 O 
CO 00 IC O rH 


Tt< iC t- 00 OS 


<N iC 03 CO 00 

1-1 rH rH (N IN 


CO 00 •* O CO 

CO CO •^ >c »c 


CO O 00 IC 00 

CO (>• t>r OS rH 


ai 


saqouj 


TQ 


O CO CO Oi (N 
CO CO CO CO Tjf 


00 T)< O CD IN 
^ IC CO CD l> 


00 rj< O CD IN 

t>» 00 03 03 O 

rH 


00 Tj( O <N ■<*< 

O 1-1 (N CO Tf< 



a 

o 
ft 



CI 

o 
ft 



p 


m 


CQ 


i-H 


1^ 








^ 


p 


CO 


3 


o 


to 


1 


<1 


< 




II 


75 


W 






CJ 


c3 


-»:> 



0) 13 






c3 

3 


> 


O* CO 








o 


CI 






1 


d 




£ 


< 








CO 


II 


CO 




CO 


^ 


o 




11 


-»3 




a; 


a> 


«»H 


^ 


_fl 


o 


+3 


V 


Xi 


m 


M 


o 


OJ 


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rC 


L4 




(U 


II 






C^ 


&3 


« 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



131 



Table LXXXVII 



THEORETICAL DRAFT PRESSURE IN INCHES OF WATER* IN A CHIMNEY 

100 FT. HIGH 

(For other heights the draft varies directly as the height) 



Temperature in 
Chimney 


Temperature of External Air (Barometer 30 Ins.) 
























Fahr. 


0° 


10° 


20° 


30° 


40° 


50° 


60° 


70° 


80° 


90° 


100° 


200° 


0.453 


0.419 


0.384 


0.353 


0.321 


0.292 


0.263 


0.234 


0.209 


0.182 


0.157 


220 


0.488 


0.453 


0.419 


0.388 


0.355 


0.326 


0.298 


0.269 


0.244 


0.217 


0.192 


240 


0.520 


0.488 


0.451 


0.421 


0.388 


0.359 


0.330 


0.301 


0.276 


0.250 


0.225 


260 


0.555 


0.528 


0.484 


0.453 


0.420 


0.392 


0.363 


0.334 


0.309 


0.282 


0.257 


280 


0.584 


0.549 


0.515 


0.482 


0.451 


0.422 


0.394 


0.365 


0.340 


0.313 


0.288 


300 


0.611 


0.576 


0.541 


0.511 


0.478 


0.449 


0.420 


0.392 


0.367 


0.340 


0.315 


320 


0.637 


0.603 


0.568 


0.538 


0.505 


0.476 


0.447 


0.419 


0.394 


0.367 


0.342 


340 


0.662 


0.638 


0.593 


0.563 


0.530 


0.501 


0.472 


0.443 


0.419 


0.392 


0.367 


360 


0.687 


0.653 


0.618 


0.588 


0.555 


0.526 


0.497 


0.468 


0.444 


0.417 


0.392 


380 


0.710 


0.676 


0.641 


0.611 


0.578 


0.549 


0.520 


0.492 


0.467 


0.440 


0.415 


400 


0.732 


0.697 


0.662 


0.632 


0.598 


0.570 


0.541 


0.513 


0.488 


0.461 


0.436 


420 


0.753 


0.718 


0.684 


0.653 


0.620 


0.591 


0.563 


0.584 


0.509 


0.482 


0.457 


440 


0.774 


0.739 


0.705 


0.674 


0.641 


0.612 


0.584 


0.555 


0.530 


0.503 


0.478 


460 


0.793 


0.758 


0.724 


0.694 


0.660 


0.632 


0.603 


0.574 


0.549 


0.522 


0.497 


480 


0.810 


0.776 


0.741 


0.710 


0.678 


0.649 


0.620 


0.591 


0.566 


0.540 


0.515 


500 


0.829 


0.791 


0.760 


0.730 


0.697 


0.669 


0.639 


0.610 


0.586 


0.559 


0.534 



* The available draft will be the tabular values less the amount consumed by friction in the 
stack. In stacks whose diameter is determined by Eq. 1005 the net draft will be 80 per cent 
of the tabular values. Hence to obtain from the table the height of stack necessary to pro- 
duce a net draft of say 0.6 in., the theoretical draft will be 0.6 X 1.25 = 0.75 in., which can 
be obtained with a stack 100 ft. high with flue-gas temperature of 420° F., and air temperature 
of 0° F.; or a stack 125 ft. high when the air temperature is 60° F. and the flue temperature 
460°. 



132 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Logarithms to the Base 10 
1234 5 6789 10 



1.00 


0.0000 


0004 


0009 


0013 


0017 


0022 


0026 


0030 


0035 


0039 


0043 


1.01 


0043 


0048 


0052 


0056 


0060 


0065 


0069 


0073 


0077 


0082 


0086 


1.02 


0086 


0090 


0095 


0099 


0103 


0107 


0111 


0116 


0120 


0124 


0128 


1.03 


0128 


0133 


0137 


0141 


0145 


0149 


0154 


0158 


0162 


0166 


0170 


1.04 


0170 


0175 


0179 


0183 


0187 


0191 


0195 


0199 


0204 


0208 


0212 


1.05 


0212 


0216 


0220 


0224 


0228 


0233 


0237 


0241 


0245 


0249 


0253 


1.06 


0253 


0257 


0261 


0265 


0269 


0273 


0278 


0282 


0286 


0290 


0294 


1.07 


0294 


0298 


0302 


0306 


0310 


0314 


0318 


0322 


0326 


0330 


0334 


1.08 


0334 


0338 


0342 


0346 


0350 


0354 


0358 


0362 


0366 


0370 


0374 


1.09 


0374 


0378 


0382 


0386 


0390 


0394 


0398 


0402 


0406 


0410 


0414 


1.10 


0.0414 


0418 


0422 


0426 


0430 


0434 


0438 


0441 


0445 


0449 


0453 


1.11 


0453 


0457 


0461 


0465 


0469 


0473 


0477 


0481 


0484 


0488 


0492 


1.12 


0492 


0496 


0500 


0504 


0508 


0512 


0515 


0519 


0523 


0527 


0531 


1.13 


0531 


0535 


0538 


0542 


0546 


0550 


0554 


0558 


0561 


0565 


0569 


1.14 


0569 


0573 


0577 


0580 


0584 


0588 


0592 


0596 


0599 


0603 


0607 


1.15 


0607 


0611 


0615 


0618 


0622 


0626 


0630 


0633 


0637 


0641 


0645 


1.16 


0645 


0648 


0652 


0656 


0660 


0663 


0667 


0671 


0674 


0678 


0682 


1.17 


0682 


0686 


0689 


0693 


0697 


0700 


0704 


0708 


0711 


0715 


0719 


1.18 


0719 


0722 


0726 


0730 


0734 


0737 


0741 


0745 


0748 


0752 


0755 


1.19 


0755 


0759 


0763 


0766 


0770 


0774 


0777 


0781 


0785 


0788 


0792 


1.30 


0.0792 


0795 


0799 


0803 


0806 


0810 


0813 


0817 


0821 


0824 


0828 


1.21 


0828 


0831 


0835 


0839 


0842 


0846 


0849 


0853 


0856 


0860 


0864 


1.22 


0864 


0867 


0871 


0874 


0878 


0881 


0885 


0888 


0892 


0896 


0899 


1.23 


0899 


0903 


0906 


0910 


0913 


0917 


0920 


0924 


0927 


0931 


0934 


1.24 


0934 


0938 


0941 


0945 


0948 


0952 


0955 


0959 


0962 


0966 


0969 


1.25 


0969 


0973 


0976 


0980 


0983 


0986 


0990 


0993 


0997 


1000 


1004 


1.26 


1004 


1007 


1011 


1014 


1017 


1021 


1024 


1028 


1031 


1035 


1038 


1.27 


1038 


1041 


1045 


1048 


1052 


1055 


1059 


1062 


1065 


1069 


1072 


1.28 


1072 


1075 


1079 


1082 


1086 


1089 


1092 


1096 


1099 


1103 


1106 


1.29 


1106 


1109 


1113 


1116 


1119 


1123 


1126 


1129 


1133 


1136 


1139 


1.30 


0.1139 


1143 


1146 


1149 


1153 


1156 


1159 


1163 


1166 


1169 


1173 


1.31 


1173 


1176 


1179 


1183 


1186 


1189 


1193 


1196 


1199 


1202 


1206 


1.32 


1206 


1209 


1212 


1216 


1219 


1222 


1225 


1229 


1232 


1235 


1239 


1.33 


1239 


1242 


1245 


1248 


1252 


1255 


1258 


1261 


1265 


1268 


1271 


1.34 


1271 


1274 


1278 


1281 


1284 


1287 


1290 


1294 


1297 


1300 


1303 


1.35 


1303 


1307 


1310 


1313 


1316 


1319 


1323 


1326 


1329 


1332 


1335 


1.36 


1335 


1339 


1342 


1345 


1348 


1351 


1355 


1358 


1361 


1364 


1367 


1.37 


1367 


1370 


1374 


1377 


1380 


1383 


1386 


1389 


1392 


1396 


1399 


1.38 


1399 


1402 


1405 


1408 


1411 


1414 


1418 


1421 


1424 


1427 


1430 


1.39 


1430 


1433 


1436 


1440 


1443 


1446 


1449 


1452 


1455 


1458 


1461 


1.40 


0.1461 


1464 


1467 


1471 


1474 


1477 


1480 


1483 


1486 


1489 


1492 


1.41 


1492 


1495 


1498 


1501 


1504 


1508 


1511 


1514 


1517 


1520 


1523 


1.42 


1523 


1526 


1529 


1532 


1535 


1538 


1541 


1544 


1547 


1550 


1553 


1.43 


1553 


1556 


1559 


1562 


1565 


1569 


1572 


1575 


1578 


1581 


1584 


1.44 


1584 


1587 


1590 


1593 


1596 


1599 


1602 


1605 


1608 


1611 


1614 


1.45 


1614 


1617 


1620 


1623 


1626 


1629 


1632 


1635 


1638 


1641 


1644 


1.46 


1644 


1647 


1649 


1652 


1655 


1658 


1661 


1664 


1667 


1670 


1673 


1.47 


1673 


1676 


1679 


1682 


168S 


1688 


1691 


1694 


1697 


1700 


1703 


1.48 


1703 


1706 


1708 


1711 


1714 


1717 


1720 


1723 


1726 


1729 


1732 


1.49 


1732 


1735 


1738 


1741 


1744 


1746 


1749 


1752 


1755 


1758 


1761 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 133 

Logarithms to the Base 10 
1:^34 5 6789 10 



160 


0.1761 


1764 


1767 


1770 


1772 


1775 


1778 


1781 


1784 


1787 


1790 


1.51 


1790 


1793 


1796 


1798 


1801 


1804 


1807 


1810 


1813 


1816 


1818 


1.52 


1818 


1821 


1824 


1827 


1830 


1833 


1836 


1838 


1841 


1844 


1847 


1.53 


1847 


1850 


1853 


1855 


1858 


1861 


1864 


1867 


1870 


1872 


1875 


1.54 


1875 


1878 


1881 


1884 


1886 


1889 


1892 


1895 


1898 


1901 


1903 


1.55 


1903 


1906 


1909 


1912 


1915 


1917 


1920 


1923 


1926 


1928 


1931 


1.56 


1931 


1934 


1937 


1940 


1942 


1945 


1948 


1951 


1953 


1956 


1959 


1.57 


1959 


1962 


1965 


1967 


1970 


1973 


1976 


1978 


1981 


1984 


1987 


1.58 


1987 


1989 


1992 


1995 


1998 


2000 


2003 


2006 


2009 


2011 


2014 


L59 


2014 


2017 


2019 


2022 


2025 


2028 


2030 


2033 


2036 


2038 


2041 


1.60 


0.2041 


2044 


2047 


2049 


2052 


2055 


2057 


2060 


2063 


2066 


2068 


1.61 


2068 


2071 


2074 


2076 


2079 


2082 


2084 


2087 


2090 


2092 


2095 


1.62 


2095 


2098 


2101 


2103 


2106 


2109 


2111 


2114 


2117 


2119 


2122 


1.63 


2122 


2125 


2127 


2130 


2133 


2135 


2138 


2140 


2143 


2146 


2148 


1.64 


2148 


2151 


2154 


2156 


2159 


2162 


2164 


2167 


2170 


2172 


2175 


1.65 


2175 


2177 


2180 


2183 


2185 


2188 


2191 


2193 


2196 


2198 


2201 


1.66 


2201 


2204 


2206 


2209 


2212 


2214 


2217 


2219 


2222 


2225 


2227 


1.67 


2227 


2230 


2232 


2235 


2238 


2240 


2243 


2245 


2248 


2251 


2253 


1.68 


2253 


2256 


2258 


2261 


2263 


2266 


2269 


2271 


2274 


2276 


2279 


1.69 


2279 


2281 


2284 


2287 


2289 


2292 


2294 


2297 


2299 


2302 


2304 


1.70 


0.2304 


2307 


2310 


2312 


2315 


2317 


2320 


2322 


2325 


2327 


2330 


L71 


2330 


2333 


2335 


2338 


2340 


2343 


2345 


2348 


2350 


2353 


2355 


1.72 


2355 


2358 


2360 


2363 


2365 


2368 


2370 


2373 


2375 


2378 


2380 


1.73 


2380 


2383 


2385 


2388 


2390 


2393 


2395 


2398 


2400 


2403 


2405 


1.74 


2405 


2408 


2410 


2413 


2415 


2418 


2420 


2423 


2425 


2428 


2430 


1.75 


2430 


2433 


2435 


2438 


2440 


2443 


2445 


2448 


2450 


2453 


2455 


1.76 


2455 


2458 


2460 


2463 


2465 


2467 


2470 


2472 


2475 


2477 


2480 


1.77 


2480 


2482 


2485 


2487 


2490 


2492 


2494 


2497 


2499 


2502 


2504 


1.78 


2504 


2507 


2509 


2512 


2514 


2516 


2519 


2521 


2524 


2526 


2529 


1.79 


2529 


2531 


2533 


2536 


2538 


2541 


2543 


2545 


2548 


2550 


2553 


1.80 


0.2553 


2555 


2558 


2560 


2562 


2565 


2567 


2570 


2572 


2574 


2577 


L81 


2577 


2579 


2582 


2584 


2586 


2589 


2591 


2594 


2596 


2598 


2601 


1.82 


2601 


2603 


2605 


2608 


2610 


2613 


2615 


2617 


2620 


2622 


2625 


L83 


2625 


2627 


2629 


2632 


2634 


2636 


2639 


2641 


2643 


2646 


2648 


1.84 


2648 


2651 


2653 


2655 


2658 


2660 


2662 


2665 


2667 


2669 


2672 


1.85 


2672 


2674 


2676 


2679 


2681 


2683 


2686 


2688 


2690 


2693 


2695 


1.86 


2695 


2697 


2700 


2702 


2704 


2707 


2709 


2711 


2714 


2716 


2718 


1.87 


2718 


2721 


2723 


2725 


2728 


2730 


2732 


2735 


2737 


2739 


2742 


1.88 


2742 


2744 


2746 


2749 


2751 


2753 


2755 


2758 


2760 


2762 


2765 


1.89 


2765 


2767 


2769 


2772 


2774 


2776 


2778 


2781 


2783 


2785 


2788 


1.90 


0.2788 


2790 


2792 


2794 


2797 


2799 


2801 


2804 


2806 


2803 


2810 


1.91 


2810 


2813 


2815 


2817 


2819 


2822 


2824 


2826 


2828 


2831 


2833 


1.92 


2833 


2835 


2838 


2840 


2842 


2844 


2847 


2849 


2851 


2853 


2856 


1.93 


2856 


2858 


2860 


2862 


2865 


2867 


2869 


2871 


2874 


2876 


2878 


1.94 


2878 


2880 


2882 


2885 


2887 


2889 


2891 


2894 


2896 


2898 


2900 


1.95 


2900 


2903 


2905 


2907 


2909 


2911 


2914 


2916 


2918 


2920 


2923 


1.96 


2923 


2925 


2927 


2929 


2931 


2934 


2936 


2938 


2940 


2942 


2945 


1.97 


2945 


2947 


2949 


2951 


2953 


2956 


2958 


2960 


2962 


2964 


2967 


1.98 


2967 


2969 


2971 


2973 


2975 


2978 


2980 


2982 


2984 


2986 


2989 


1.99 


2989 


2991 


2993 


2995 


2997 


2999 


3002 


3004 


3006 


3008 


3010 



134 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

Logarithms to the Base 10 

These two pages give the common logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10, correct to four 
places. Moving the decimal point n places to the right (or left) in the number is equivalent to 
adding n (or — w) to the logarithm. Thus, log 0.017453=0.2419 — 2 [=2.2419]. 

To facilitate interpolation, the tenths of the tabular differences are given at the end of each 
line, so that the differences themselves need not be considered. In using these aids, first find the 
nearest tabular entry, and then add (to move to the right) or subtract (to move to the left), as the 
case may require. 

Pages 132-137 are reprinted by permission from Huntingtons "Four Place Tables." 

Tenths of the 
Tabular Difference 

1334 5 6789 10 12346 

1.0 0.0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 0414 
1.1 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 0792 



1.2 


0792 


0828 


0864 


0899 


0934 


0969 


1004 


1038 


1072 


1106 


1139 










1.3 


1139 


1173 


1206 


1239 


1271 


1303 


1335 


1367 


1399 


1430 


1461 


To avoid Interpo- 


1.4 


1461 


1492 


1523 


1553 


1584 


1614 


1644 


1673 


1703 


1732 


1761 


lation In the first 


1.5 


1761 


1790 


1818 


1847 


1875 


1903 


1931 


1959 


1987 


2014 


2041 


ten lines, 


use the 

. .- 41. . 


1.6 


2041 


2068 


2095 


2122 


2148 


2175 


2201 


2227 


2253 


2279 


2304 


special tabiu uii um 
preceding page. 


1.7 


2304 


2330 


2355 


2380 


2405 


2430 


2455 


2480 


2504 


2529 


2553 


1.8 


2553 


2577 


2601 


2625 


2648 


2672 


2695 


2718 


2742 


2765 


2788 










1.9 


2788 


2810 


2833 


2856 


2878 


2900 


2923 


2945 


2967 


2989 


3010 










3.0 


0.3010 


3032 


3054 


3075 


3096 


3118 


3139 


3160 


3181 


3201 


3222 


2 


4 


6 


811 


2.1 


3222 


3243 


3263 


3284 


3304 


3324 


3345 


3365 


3385 


3404 


3424 


2 


4 


6 


810 


2.2 


3424 


3444 


3464 


3483 


3502 


3522 


3541 


3560 


3579 


3598 


3617 


2 


4 


6 


8 10 


2.3 


3617 


3636 


3655 


3674 


3692 


3711 


3729 


3747 


3766 


3784 


3802 


2 


4 


5 


7 9 


2.4 


3802 


3820 


3838 


3856 


3874 


3892 


3909 


3927 


3945 


3962 


3979 


2 


4 


5 


7 9 


2.5 


3979 


3997 


4014 


4031 


4048 


4065 


4082 


4099 


4116 


4133 


4150 


2 


3 


5 


7 9 


2.6 


4150 


4166 


4183 


4200 


4216 


4232 


4249 


4265 


4281 


4298 


4314 


2 


3 


5 


7 8 


2.7 


4314 


4330 


4346 


4362 


4378 


4393 


4409 


4425 


4440 


4456 


4472 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


2.8 


4472 


4487 


4502 


4518 


4533 


4548 


4564 


4579 


4594 


4609 


4624 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


2.9 


4624 


4639 


4654 


4669 


4683 


4698 


4713 


4728 


4742 


4757 


4771 


1 


3 


4 


6 7 


3.0 


0.4771 


4786 


4800 


4814 


4829 


4843 


4857 


4871 


4886 


4900 


4914 




3 


4 


6 7 


3.1 


4914 


4928 


4942 


4955 


4969 


4983 


4997 


5011 


5024 


5038 


5051 




3 


4 


6 7 


3.2 


5051 


5065 


5079 


5092 


5105 


5119 


5132 


5145 


5159 


5172 


5185 




3 


4 


5 7 


3.3 


5185 


5198 


5211 


5224 


5237 


5250 


5263 


5276 


5289 


5302 


5315 




3 


4 


5 6 


3.4 


5315 


5328 


5340 


5353 


5366 


5378 


5391 


5403 


5416 


5428 


5441 




3 


4 


5 6 


3.5 


5441 


5453 


5465 


5478 


5490 


5502 


5514 


5527 


5539 


5551 


5563 




2 


4 


5 6 


3.6 


5563 


5575 


5587 


5599 


5611 


5623 


5635 


5647 


5658 


5670 


5682 




2 


4 


5 6 


3.7 


5682 


5694 


5705 


5717 


5729 


5740 


5752 


5763 


5775 


5786 


5798 




2 


3 


5 6 


3.8 


5798 


5809 


5821 


5832 


5843 


5855 


5866 


5877 


5888 


5899 


5911 




2 


3 


5 6 


3.9 


5911 


5922 


5933 


5944 


5955 


5966 


5977 


5988 


5999 


6010 


6021 




2 


3 


4 6 


4.0 


0.6021 


6031 


6042 


6053 


6064 


6075 


6085 


6096 


6107 


6117 


6128 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.1 


6128 


6138 


6149 


6160 


6170 


6180 


6191 


6201 


6212 


6222 


6232 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.2 


6232 


6243 


6253 


6263 


6274 


6284 


6294 


6304 


6314 


6325 


6335 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.3 


6335 


6345 


6355 


6365 


6375 


6385 


6395 


6405 


6415 


6425 


6435 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.4 


6435 


6444 


6454 


6464 


6474 


6484 


6493 


6503 


6513 


6522 


6532 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.5 


6532 


6542 


6551 


6561 


6571 


6580 


6590 


6599 


6609 


6618 


6628 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.6 


6628 


6637 


6646 


6656 


6665 


6675 


6684 


6693 


6702 


6712 


6721 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.7 


6721 


6730 


6739 


6749 


6758 


6767 


6776 


6785 


6794 


6803 


6812 




2 


3 


4 5 


4.8 


6812 


6821 


6830 


6839 


6848 


6857 


6866 


6875 


6884 


6893 


6902 




2 


3 


4 4 


4.9 


6902 


6911 


6920 


6928 


6937 


6946 


6955 


6964 


6972 


6981 


6990 




2 


3 


4 4 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



135 



Logarithms to the Base 10 







5.0 


0.6990 


5.1 


7076 


5.2 


7160 


5.3 


7243 


5.4 


7324 


5.5 


7404 


5.6 


7482 


5.7 


7559 


5.8 


7634 


5.9 


7709 


6.0 


0.7782 


6.1 


7853 


6.2 


7924 


6.3 


7993 


6.4 


8062 


6.5 


8129 


6.6 


8195 


6.7 


8261 


6.8 


8325 


6.9 


8388 


7.0 


0.8451 


7.1 


8513 


7.2 


8573 


7.3 


8633 


7.4 


8692 


7.5 


8751 


7.6 


8808 


7.7 


8865 


7.^ 


8921 


7.9 


8976 


8.0 


0.9031 


8.1 


9085 


8.2 


9138 


8.3 


9191 


8.4 


9243 


8.5 


9294 


8.6 


9345 


8.7 


9395 


8.8 


9445 


8.9 


9494 


9.0 


0.9542 


9.1 


9590 


9.2 


9638 


9.3 


9685 


9.4 


9731 


9.5 


9777 


9.6 


9823 


9.7 


9868 


9.8 


9912 


9.9 


'9956 



6998 7007 7016 7024 7033 

7084 7093 7101 7110 7118 

7168 7177 7185 7193 7202 

7251 7259 7267 7275 7284 

7332 7340 7348 7356 7364 

7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 

7490 7497 7505 7513 7520 

7566 7574 7582 7589 7597 

7642 7649 7657 7664 7672 

7716 7723 7731 7738 7745 

7789 7796 7803 7810 7818 

7860 7868 7875 7882 7889 

7931 7938 7945 7952 7959 

8000 8007 8014 8021 8028 

8069 8075 8082 8089 8096 

8136 8142 8149 8156 8162 

8202 8209 8215 8222 8228 

8267 8274 8280 8287 8293 

8331 8338 8344 8351 8357 

8395 8401 8407 8414 8420 

8457 8463 8470 8476 8482 

8519 8525 8531 8537 8543 

8579 8585 8591 8597 8603 

8639 8645 8651 8657 8663 

8698 8704 8710 8716 8722 

8756 8762 8768 8774 8779 

8814 8820 8825 8831 8837 

8871 8876 8882 8887 8893 

8927 8932 8938 8943 8949 

8982 8987 8993 8998 9004 

9036 9042 9047 9053 9058 

9090 9096 9101 9106 9112 

9143 9149 9154 9159 9165 

9196 9201 9206 9212 9217 

9248 9253 9258 9263 9269 

9299 9304 9309 9315 9320 

9350 9355 9360 9365 9370 

9400 9405 9410 9415 . 9420 

9450 9455 9460 9465 9469 

9499 9504 9509 9513 9518 

9547 9552 9557 9562 9566 

9595 9600 9605 9609 9614 

9643 9647 9652 9657 9661 

9689 9694 9699 9703 9708 

9736 9741 9745 9750 9754 

9782 9786 9791 9795 9800 

9827 9832 9836 9841 9845 

9872 9877 9881 9886 9890 

9917 9921 9926 9930 9934 

9961 9965 9969 9974 9978 













Tenths of the 












Tabular DifferencB 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 2 


3 4 5 


7042 


7050 


7059 


7067 


7076 


1 2 


3 3 4 


7126 


7135 


7143 


7152 


7160 


1 2 


3 3 4 


7210 


7218 


7226 


7235 


7243 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7292 


7300 


7308 


7316 


7324 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7372 


7380 


7388 


7396 


7404 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7451 


7459 


7466 


7474 


7482 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7528 


7536 


7543 


7551 


7559 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7604 


7612 


7619 


7627 


7634 


1 2 


2 3 4 


7679 


7686 


7694 


7701 


7709 




2 3 4 


7752 


7760 


7767 


7774 


7782 




2 3 4 


7825 


7832 


7839 


7846 


7853 




2 3 4 


7896 


7903 


7910 


7917 


7924 




2 3 4 


7966 


7973 


7980 


7987 


7993 




2 3 3 


8035 


8041 


8048 


8055 


8062 




2 3 3 


8102 


8109 


8116 


8122 


8129 




2 3 3 


8169 


8176 


8182 


8189 


8195 




2 3 3 


8235 


8241 


8248 


8254 


8261 




2 3 3 


8299 


8306 


8312 


8319 


8325 




2 3 3 


8363 


8370 


8376 


8382 


8388 




2 3 3 


8426 


8432 


8439 


8445 


8451 




2 3 3 


8488 


8494 


8500 


8506 


8513 




2 2 3 


8549 


8555 


8561 


8567 


8573 




2 2 3 


8609 


8615 


8621 


8627 


8633 




2 2 3 


8669 


8675 


8681 


8686 


8692 




2 2 3 


8727 


8733 


8739 


8745 


8751 




2 2 3 


8785 


8791 


8797 


8802 


8808 




2 2 3 


8842 


8848 


8854 


8859 


8865 




2 2 3 


8899 


8904 


8910 


8915 


8921 




2 2 3 


8954 


8960 


8965 


8971 


8976 




2 2 3 


9009 


9015 


9020 


9025 


9031 




2 2 3 


9063 


9069 


9074 


9079 


9085 




2 2 3 


9117 


9122 


9128 


9133 


9138 




2 2 3 


9170 


9175 


9180 


9186 


9191 




2 2 3 


9222 


9227 


9232 


9238 


9243 




2 2 3 


9274 


9279 


9284 


9289 


9294 




2 2 3 


9325 


9330 


9335 


9340 


9345 




2 2 3 


9375 


9380 


9385 


9390 


9395 




2 2 3 


9425 


9430 


9435 


9440 


9445 


1 


12 2 


9474 


9479 


9484 


9489 


9494 


1 


12 2 


9523 


9528 


9533 


9538 


9542 


3 1 


1 2 2 


9571 


9576 


9581 


9586 


9590 


3 1 


12 2, 


9619 


9624 


9628 


9633 


9638 


3 1 


12 2 


9666 


9671 


9675 


9680 


9685 ( 


D 1 


12 2 


9713 


9717 


9722 


9727 


9731 ( 


} 1 


12 2 


9759 


9763 


9768 


9773 


9777 ( 


3 1 


12 2 



9805 9809 9814 9818 

9850 9854 9859 9863 

9894 9899 9903 9908 

9939 9943 9948 9952 

9983 9987 9991 9996 



9823 112 2 

9868 112 2 

9912 112 2 

9956 112 2 

112 2 



136 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

LOGABITHMS TO THE BaSE G 





] 

1 

1 


1 

These two pages give the natural (hy- 2 
perholic, or Napierian) logarithms of 3 
Qumbers between 1 and 10, correct to 4 
four places. Moving the decimal point 5 
n places to the right (or left) in the num- 6 
ber is equivalent to adding n times 2.3026 7 
[or n times S.6974) to the logarithm. 8 

9 


2.3026 

4.6052 
6.9078 
9.2103 
11.5129 
13.8155 
16.1181 
18.4207 
20.7233 


1 0.6974-3 

2 0.3948-5 

3 0.0922-7 

4 0.7897-10 

5 0.4871-12 

6 0.1845-14 

7 0.8819-17 

8 0.5793-19 

9 0.2767-21 






Log, (Base e 


= 2.71828 +) 
















Tenths of the 
Tabular Differencfl 







1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 


2 3 4 5 


1.0 


0.0000 


0100 


0198 


0296 


0392 


0488 


0583 


0677 


0770 


0862 


0.0953 


10 


19 29 38 48 


1.1 


0953 


1044 


1133 


1222 


1310 


1398 


1484 


1570 


1655 


1740 


1823 


9 


17 26 35 44 


1.2 


1823 


1906 


1989 


2070 


2151 


2231 


2311 


2390 


2469 


2546 


2624 


8 


16 24 32 40 


1.3 


2624 


2700 


2776 


2852 


2927 


3001 


3075 


3148 


3221 


3293 


3365 


7 


15 22 30 37 


1.4 


3365 


3436 


3507 


3577 


3646 


3716 


3784 


3853 


3920 


3988 


4055 


7 14 21 28 34 


1.5 


4055 


4121 


4187 


4253 


4318 


4383 


4447 


4511 


4574 


4637 


4700 


6 13 19 26 32 


1.6 


4700 


4762 


4824 


4886 


4947 


5008 


5068 


5128 


5188 


5247 


5306 


6 12 18 24 30 


1.7 


5306 


5365 


5423 


5481 


5539 


5596 


5653 


5710 


5766 


5822 


5878 


6 11 17 23 29 


1.8 


5878 


5933 


5988 


6043 


6098 


6152 


6206 


6259 


6313 


6366 


6419 


5 11 16 22 27 


1.9 


6419 


6471 


6523 


6575 


6627 


6678 


6729 


6780 


6831 


6881 


0.6931 


5 10 15 21 26 


3.0 


0.6931 


6981 


7031 


7080 


7129 


7178 


7227 


7275 


7324 


7372 


7419 


5 10 IS 20 24 


2.1 


7419 


7467 


7514 


7561 


7608 


7655 


7701 


7747 


7793 


7839 


7885 


5 


9 14 19 23 


2.2 


7885 


7930 


7975 


8020 


8065 


8109 


8154 


8198 


8242 


8286 


8329 


4 


9 13 18 22 


2.3 


- 8329 


8372 


8416 


8459 


8502 


8544 


8587 


8629 


8671 


8713 


8755 


4 


9 13 17 21 


2.4 


8755 


8796 


8838 


8879 


8920 


8961 


9002 


9042 


9083 


9123 


9163 


4 


8 12 16 20 


2.5 


9163 


9203 


9243 


9282 


9322 


9361 


9400 


9439 


9478 


9517 


9555 


4 


8 12 16 20 


2.6 


9555 


9594 


9632 


9670 


9708 


9746 


9783 


9821 


9858 


9895 


0.9933 


4 


8 11 15 19 


2.7 


0.9933 


9969. 


[0006 


0043 


0080 


0116 


0152 


0188 


0225 


0260 


1.0296 


4 


7 11 15 18 


2.8 


1.0296 


0332 


0367 


0403 


0438 


0473 


0508 


0543 


0578 


0613 


0647 


4 


7 11 14 18 


2.9 


0647 


0682 


0716 


0750 


0784 


0818 


0852 


0886 


0919 


0953 


1.0986 


3 


7 10 14 17 


3.0 


1.0986 


1019 


1053 


1086 


1119 


1151 


1184 


1217 


1249 


1282 


1314 


3 


7 10 13 16 


3.1 


1314 


1346 


1378 


1410 


1442 


1474 


1506 


1537 


1569 


1600 


1632 


3 


6 10 13 16 


3.2 


1632 


1663 


1694 


1725 


1756 


1787 


1817 


1848 


1878 


1909 


1939 


3 


6 9 12 15 


3.3 


1939 


1969 


2000 


2030 


2060 


2090 


2119 


2149 


2179 


2208 


2238 


3 


6 912 15 


3.4 


1^238 


2267 


2296 


2326 


2355 


2384 


2413 


2442 


2470 


2499 


2528 


3 


6 91214 


3.5 


2528 


2556 


2585 


2613 


2641 


2669 


2698 


2726 


2754 


2782 


2809 


3 


6 81114 


3.6 


2809 


2837 


2865 


2892 


2920 


2947 


2975 


3002 


3029 


3056 


3083 


3 


5 8 1114 


3.7 


3083 


3110 


3137 


3164 


3191 


3218 


3244 


3271 


3297 


3324 


3350 


3 


5 8 1113 


3.8 


3350 


3376 


3403 


3429 


3455 


3481 


3507 


3533 


3558 


3584 


3610 


3 


5 8 1013 


3.9 


3610 


3635 


3661 


3686 


3712 


3737 


3762 


3788 


3813 


3838 


1.3863 


3 


5 81013 


4.0 


1.3863 


3888 


3913 


3938 


3962 


3987 


4012 


4036 


4061 


4085 


4110 


2 


5 71012 


4.1 


4110 


4134 


4159 


4183 


4207 


4231 


4255 


4279 


4303 


4327 


4351 


2 


5 71012 


4.2 


4351 


4375 


4398 


4422 


4446 


4469 


4493 


4516 


4540 


4563 


4586 


2 


5 7 912 


4.3 


4586 


4609 


4633 


4656 


4679 


4702 


4725 


4748 


4770 


4793 


4816 


2 


5 7 911 


4.4 


4816 


4839 


4861 


4884 


4907 


4929 


4951 


4974 


4996 


5019 


5041 


2 


4 7 911 


4.5 


5041 


5063 


5085 


5107 


5129 


5151 


5173 


5195 


5217 


5239 


5261 


2 


4 7 911 


4.6 


5261 


5282 


5304 


5326 


5347 


5369 


5390 


5412 


5433 


5454 


5476 


2 


4 6 911 


4.7 


5476 


5497 


5518 


5539 


5560 


5581 


5602 


5623 


5644 


5665 


5686 


2 


4 6 811 


4.8 


5686 


5707 


5728 


5748 


5769 


5790 


5810 


5831 


5851 


5872 


5892 


2 


4 6 810 


4.9 


5892 


5913 


5933 


5953 


5974 


5994 


6014 


6034 


6054 


6074 


1.6094 


2 


4 6 810 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 137 

Logarithms to the Base e 





























Ten' 


thsi 


DfthB 


























Tabular Difference 







1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 


2 


3 


4 5 


5.0 


1.6094 


6114 


6134 


6154 


6174 


6194 


6214 


6233 


6253 


6273 


6292 


2 


4 


6 


8 10 


5.1 


6292 


6312 


6332 


6351 


6371 


6390 


6409 


6429 


6448 


6467 


6487 


2 


4 


6 


8 10 


5.2 


6487 


6506 


6525 


6544 


6563 


6582 


6601 


6620 


6639 


6658 


6677 


2 


4 


6 


8 10 


5.3 


6677 


6696 


6715 


6734 


6752 


6771 


6790 


6808 


6827 


6845 


6864 


2 


4 


6 


7 9 


5.4 


6864 


6882 


6901 


6919 


6938 


6956 


6974 


6993 


7011 


7029 


7047 


2 


4 


6 


7 9 


5.5 


7047 


7066 


7084 


7102 


7120 


7138 


7156 


7174 


7192 


7210 


7228 


2 


4 


5 


7 9 


5.6 


7228 


7246 


7263 


7281 


7299 


7317 


7334 


7352 


7370 


7387 


7405 


2 


4 


5 


7 9 


5.7 


7405 


7422 


7440 


7457 


7475 


7492 


7509 


7527 


7544 


7561 


7579 


2 


3 


5 


7 9 


5.8 


7579 


7596 


7613 


7630 


7647 


7664 


7681 


7699 


7716 


7733 


7750 


2 


3 


5 


7 9 


5.9 


7750 


7766 


7783 


7800 


7817 


7834 


7851 


7867 


7884 


7901 


1.7918 


2 


3 


5 


7 8 


6.0 


1.7918 


7934 


7951 


7967 


7984 


8001 


8017 


8034 


8050 


8066 


8083 


2 


3 


5 


7 8 


6.1 


8083 


8099 


8116 


8132 


8148 


8165 


8181 


8197 


8213 


8229 


8245 


2 


3 


5 


7 8 


6.2 


8245 


8262 


8278 


8294 


8310 


8326 


8342 


8358 


8374 


8390 


8405 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


6.3 


8405 


8421 


8437 


8453 


8469 


8485 


8500 


8516 


8532 


8547 


8563 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


6.4 


8563 


8579 


8594 


8610 


8625 


8641 


8656 


8672 


8687 


8703 


8718 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


6.5 


8718 


8733 


8749 


8764 


8779 


8795 


8810 


8825 


8840 


8856 


8871 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


6.6 


8871 


8886 


8901 


8916 


8931 


8946 


8961 


8976 


8991 


9006 


9021 


2 


3 


5 


6 8 


6.7 


9021 


9036 


9051 


9066 


9081 


9095 


9110 


9125 


9140 


9155 


9169 




3 


4 


6 7 


6.8 


9169 


9184 


9199 


9213 


9228 


9242 


9257 


9272 


9286 


9301 


9315 




3 


4 


6 7 


6.9 


9315 


9330 


9344 


9359 


9373 


9387 


9402 


9416 


9430 


9445 


1.9459 




3 


4 


6 7 


7.0 


1.9459 


9473 


9488 


9502 


9516 


9530 


9544 


9559 


9573 


9587 


9601 




3 


4 


6 7 


7.1 


9601 


9615 


9629 


9643 


9657 


9671 


9685 


9699 


9713 


9727 


9741 




3 


4 


6 7 


7.2 


9741 


9755 


9769 


9782 


9796 


9810 


9824 


9838 


9851 


9865 


1.9879 




3 


4 


6 7 


7.3 


1.9879 


9892 


9906 


9920 


9933 


9947 


9961 


9974 


9988j0001 


2.0015 




3 


4 


5 7 


7.4 


2.0015 


0028 


0042 


0055 


0069 


0082 


0096 


0109 


0122 


0136 


0149 




3 


4 


5 7 


7.5 


0149 


0162 


0176 


0189 


0202 


0215 


0229 


0242 


0255 


0268 


0281 




3 


4 


5 7 


7.6 


0281 


0295 


0308 


0321 


0334 


0347 


0360 


0373 


0386 


0399 


0412 




3 


4 


5 7 


7.7 


0412 


0425 


0438 


0451 


0464 


0477 


0490 


0503 


0516 


0528 


0541 




3 


4 


5 6 


7.8 


0541 


0554 


0567 


0580 


0592 


0605 


0618 


0631 


0643 


0656 


0669 




3 


4 


5 6 


7.9 


0669 


0681 


0694 


0707 


0719 


0732 


0744 


0757 


0769 


0782 


2.0794 




3 


4 


5 6 


8.0 


2.0794 


0807 


0819 


0832 


0844 


0857 


0869 


0882 


0894 


0906 


0919 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.1 


0919 


0931 


0943 


0956 


0968 


0980 


0992 


1005 


1017 


1029 


1041 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.2 


1041 


1054 


1066 


1078 


1090 


1102 


1114 


1126 


1138 


1150 


1163 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.3 


1163 


1.175 


1187 


1199 


1211 


1223 


1235 


1247 


1258 


1270 


1282 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.4 


1282 


1294 


1306 


1318 


1330 


1342 


1353 


1365 


1377 


1389 


1401 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.5 


1401 


1412 


1424 


1436 


1448 


1459 


1471 


1483 


1494 


1506 


1518 




2 


4 


5 6 


8.6 


1518 


1529 


1541 


1552 


1564 


1576 


1587 


1599 


1610 


1622 


1633 




2 


3 


5 6 


8.7 


1633 


1645 


1656 


1668 


1679 


1691 


1702 


1713 


1725 


1736 


1748 




2 


3 


5 6 


8.8 


1748 


1759 


1770 


1782 


1793 


1804 


1815 


1827 


1838 


1849 


1861 




2 


3 


5 6 


8.9 


1861 


1872 


1883 


1894 


1905 


1917 


1928 


1939 


1950 


1961 


2.1972 




2 


3 


4 6 


9.0 


2.1972 


1983 


1994 


2006 


2017 


2028 


2039 


2050 


2061 


2072 


2083 




2 


3 


4 6 


9.1 


2083 


2094 


2105 


2116 


2127 


2138 


2148 


2159 


2170 


2181 


2192 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.2 


2192 


2203 


2214 


2225 


2235 


2246 


2257 


2268 


2279 


2289 


2300 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.3 


2300 


2311 


2322 


2332 


2343 


2354 


2364 


2375 


2386 


2396 


2407 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.4 


2407 


2418 


2428 


2439 


2450 


2460 


2471 


2481 


2492 


2502 


2513 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.5 


2513 


2523 


2534 


2544 


2555 


2565 


2576 


2586 


2597 


2607 


2618 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.6 


2618 


2628 


2638 


2649 


2659 


2670 


2680 


2690 


2701 


2711 


2721 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.7 


2721 


2732 


2742 


2752 


2762 


2773 


2783 


2793 


2803 


2814 


2824 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.8 


2824 


2834 


2844 


2854 


2865 


2875 


2885 


2895 


2905 


2915 


2925 




2 


3 


4 5 


9.9 


2925 


2935 


2946 


2956 


2966 


2976 


2986 


2996 


3006 


3016 


2.3026 




2 


3 


4 5 



PART II 

CHARTS 
CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF DIAGRAMS 

Chart 1. This chart gives the work required to compress and deliver 
a cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or the horse-power to compress and deUver 1000 cu. 
ft. of (sup.pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressure (del.pr.)-^ (sup.pr.), the 
value of s and the (sup.pr.) are known, and compression occurs in one stage. 
The work or H.P. for any number of cubic feet is directly proportional to num- 
ber of feet. The curves are dependent upon the formulas, Eq. (31) , for the case 
when s = l, and Eq. (49) for the case when 5 is not equal to 1. They were 
drawn as follows : 

On a horizontal base various values of Rp are laid off, starting with the value 
2 at the origin. The values for work were then found for a number of values 
of Rp with a constant value of (sup.pr.) and s. A vertical work scale was then 
laid off from origin of Rp and a curve drawn through the points found by 
the intersection of horizontal lines through values of work, with vertical 
lines through corresponding values of Rp. The process was then repeated for 
other values of 5 and curves similar to the first, drawn for the other values of s. 
From the construction so far completed it is possible to find the work per cubic 
foot for any pressure ratio and any value of s for one (sup.pr.) by projecting 
up from the proper value of Rp to the curve of value of s and then horizontally 
to the scale of work. It will be noted from these formulas, however, that 
the work may be laid off on the horizontal base and a group of lines drawn so 
that the slope of the line equals ratio of work for any supply pressure to that 
for the (sup.pr.) originally used. For convenience, in order that the group of 
s curves and the latter group may be as distinct as possible, the origin of the 
latter group is taken at the opposite end of the base line. If from the point for 
work originally found, a projection is made horizontally to the proper (sup.pr.) 
curve, the value for work with this (sup.pr.) will be found directly below. 
It will be noted that from point of intersection of the vertical from the Rp 
value with the s curve, it is only necessary to project horizontally far enough to 
intersect the desired (sup.pr.) curve, and since no information of value will 
be found by continuing to the work scale for the original (sup.pr.) this is omitted 
from the diagram. 

In brief, then, the use of this chart consists in projecting upward from the 
proper value of Rp to the proper s curve, then passing horizontally to the value 
of (sup.pr.) and finally downward to the work scale. As an example of the use 
of the curve: Find the work to compress 1000 cu. ft. of free air from 1 to 8i 

139 



140 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

atmospheres adiabatically. On the curve project upward from 2?p=-8.5 to 
curve of s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 (sup.pr.) curve and down to read work 
= 6,300,000. 

Chart 2. This gives the work required to compress and deliver a cubic 
foot of (sup.pr.) air or the horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu. ft. of 
(sup.pr.) air per minute if the ratio of pressures, the value of s and (sup.pr.) are 
known and if compression occurs in two stages with best-receiver pressure and 
perfect intercooling. The work or H.P. for any other number of cubic feet 
may be found by multiplying work per foot by the number of feet. The 
method of arriving at this chart was exactly the same as that for one stage. 

As an example of the use of the chart, find the work to compress 5 cu. ft. of 
free air from 1 to SJ atmospheres adiabatically in two stages. Project upward 
from Rp = 8.5 to curve s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 curve and down to read 
5320 ft. -lbs. per cubic foot. 

Chart 3. This chart gives the work necessary to compress and deliver a 
cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu. ft. of 
(sup. pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressures, the value of s, and the (sup. 
pr.) are known and if the compression occurs in three stages with best-receiver 
pressures and perfect intercooling. The work or horse-power for any other 
number of cubic feet may be found by multiplying the work for one foot by 
the number of feet. 

As an example of use of this chart, determine the horse-power to compress 
100 cu. ft. free air per minute adiabatically in three stages from 15 lbs. per square 
inch abs. to 90 lbs. per square inch gage. From Rp = 7, project to curve of 
s = 1.4 then over to (sup.pr.) = 15 and down, and the horse-power will be 
found to be 13.6. 

Chart 4. This chart is for finding the (m.e.p.) of compressors. In the 
case of multi-stage compressors with best-receiver pressure and perfect inter- 
cooling, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found by considering each cylinder 
as a single-stage compressor; or the (m.e.p.) of the compressor referred to the 
L.P. cylinder may be found. 

The chart depends on the fact that the work per cubic foot of (sup.pr.) gas 
is equal to the (m.e.p.) for the no-clearance case and that the (m.e.p.) 
with clearance is equal to the (m.e.p.) for no clearance, times the volumetric effi- 
ciency. Diagrams 1, 2 and 4 are reproductions of Charts 2, 3 and 4 to a smaller 
scale and hence need no explanation as to derivation. Their use may be briefiy 
shown. From the given ratio of pressures project upward to the proper curve, 
then horizontally to the (sup.pr.) and downward to read work per cubic feet of 
(sup.pr.) gas. 

The volumetric efficiency diagram was drawn in the following manner: 
From Eq. (59) vol. eff. ={l-\-c — cRps), showing that it depends upon three 
variables, Rp, c and s. A horizontal scale of values of Rp was laid off. Values 
of RpJ were found and a vertical scale of this quantity laid off from the same 
origin as the Rp values. Through the intersection of the verticals from various 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 141 

values of Rp with the horizontals drawn through the corresponding values of 
{Rp)^ for a known value of s, a curve of this value of s was drawn. In a similar 
way curves of other values of s were drawn. From the construction so far 
completed it is possible to j&nd the value of {RpY by projecting upward from any 
value of Rp to the curve of s and then horizontally to the scale of (Rp)^. Values 
of volumetric efficiencies found for various clearances and the values of (Rp)^ 
are laid off on a horizontal base, with the origin at the opposite end of scale 
from that of Rp values, in order that clearance curves and s curves might be 
as distinct as possible. These clearance curves were drawn through the inter- 
section of horizontals through the (Rp)^ values, and of verticals through the 
vulmetric efficiency values corresponding to them for the particular clearance 
in question. 

To find volumetric efficiency then it is merely necessary to project from value 
of Rp to the proper s curve, then across to the given clearance and finally 
down to volumetric efficiency. As the value of (Rp)^ is not desired, the hori- 
zontal projection is carried only to the intersection with the clearance curve 
and not to the edge of the diagram. To find the (m.e.p.) for single stage, the 
work per cubic foot is found from the diagram and then the volumetric efficiency, 
both as described above. The product is {m.e.p.). 

For multi-stage compressors with perfect intercooling and best-receiver 
pressure, as stated above, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found, consider- 
ing each to be a single-stage compressor and remembering that (1 rec.pr.) 
becomes (sup.pr.) for second stage, and (del.pr.) for first stage; and that (2 rec. 
pr.) becomes (sup.pr.) for third stage, (del.pr.) for second stage. The (m.e.p.) 
reduced to low-pressure cylinder is found by taking work per cubic foot of 
(sup.pr.) gas and multiplying by volumetric efficiency of low-pressure cylinder. 

To illustrate the use of this curve solve the following problem. A three- 
stage air compressor runs at 100 R.P.M. with best receiver pressure; the low- 
pressure cylinder is 32 X 24 ins., clearance 5 per cent. Compression from 
atmosphere to 140 lbs. per square inch absolute, s = 1.4. Find horse-power 
and the best receiver pressures. 

Projecting upward from the pressure ratio of 9.35 to the line of s = 1.4 
and then over to (sup.pr.) = 15 in diagram 4, since compression is three stage 
and from 15 lbs. per square inch to 140 lbs. per square inch, work per cubic 
foot or (m.e.p.), is found for no clearance to be 37.8 abs. per square inch; 
since best-receiver pressure assumed is 31.6, which gives a ratio of 2.1 for the 
low-pressure cylinder. From diagram 3, by projecting upward from Rp = 2.1 
and over to the 5 per cent clearance fine, volumetric efficiency is 96.5. The 
product gives (m.e.p.) reduced to low-pressure cylinder and is 36.5. From the 

— ^ '^' formula, the horse-power is found to be 358. 

Chart 5. There is one (sup.pr.), which for a definite (del.pr.) will give the 
maximum work of compression. This chart, originated by Mr. T. M. Gunn, 



142 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

gives a graphical means of finding this value of (sup.pr.) when the (del.pr.), 
clearance and value of s are known. It also gives on the right-hand of the chart 
a means for finding the (m.e.p.) for this condition. The figure was drawn by 
means of Eqs. (139) and (142). 

To find the (sup.pr.) to give maximum work for any (del.pr.) it is only 
necessary to project from the proper value of s to the given clearance curve, 
and then horizontally to read the value of Rp. The (del.pr.) divided by this 
gives the (sup.pr.) desired. To obtain the (m.e.p.) project upward from the 

value of 5 to the clearance curve, then horizontally to read the ratio ( ' ' ' ) 

\del.pr./ 

The {del.pr.) multiplied by this quantity gives the m.e.p. 

As an example of the use of this chart let it be required to find the (sup.pr.) 
for the case of maximum work for 9 X 12 in. double-acting compressor running 
200 R.P.M., having 5 per cent clearance and delivering against 45 lbs. per square 
inch gage. ; also the horse-power. Compression such that s = 1.3. 

Projecting from the value 1.3 for s on the left-hand diagram to the line of 

60 
5 per cent clearance find Rp to be 2.8, hence (sup.pr.) =^r— = 21.4 lbs. per 

2.0 

square inch absolute = 6.4 lbs. per square inch gage. Again, projecting from 

value 1.3 for s on right-hand diagram to line of 5 per cent clearance find 

(m.e.p.) ^ TTTT3 23 X 1 X 64 X 400 

rhat . , , r- = .383, hence (m.e.p.). =23 and I.H.P. = ^tttt^t^t: 

(del.pr.) 33,000 

= 17.8. 

Chart 6. This chart is designed to show the saving in work done in com- 
pressing and delivering gases by two-stage or three-stage compression with 
best-receiver pressure and perfect intercooling over that required for compress- 
ing and delivering the same gas between the same pressures in one stage. The 
chart was made by laying off on a horizontal base a scale of pressure ratios. 
From the same origin a scale of work for two or three stage divided by the 
work of one stage was drawn vertically. For a number of values of Rp the 
work to compress a cubic foot of gas was found for one, two and three stage 
for each value of s. The values found by dividing the work of two or three 
stage by the work of single stage were plotted above the proper Rp values, and 
opposite the proper ratio, values and curves drawn through all points for one 
value of s. To find the saving by compressing in two or three stages project 
from the proper Rp value to the chosen s curve for the desired number of 
stages, then horizontally to read the ratio of multi-stage to one-stage work. 
This value gives per cent power needed for one stage that will be required to 
compress the same gas multi-stage. Saving by multi-stage as a percentage 
of single stage is one minus the value read. 

To illustrate the use of this chart, find the per cent of work needed to com- 
press a cubic foot of air adiabatically from 1 to 8J atmospheres in two stages 
compared to doing it in one stage. From examples under charts Nos. 1 and 
2 it was found that work per cubic foot was 6300 ft.-lbs. and 5320 ft.-lbs. respec- 
tively, for one- and two-stage compression, or that two stage was 84.5 per cent 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 143 

of one stage. From Rp, 8i project up on Chart 6 to s = 1.406 for two stage, and 
over to read 84.6 per cent, which is nearly the same. 

Chart 7. This chart, designed by Mr. T. M. Gunn, shows the economy 
compared to isothermal compression. 

The chart was drawn on the basis of the following equation : 

^ /• ,, ,x m.e.p. isothermal (no clearance) 

liiconomy (isothermal) = :; — -. — ^ — -, 

m.e.p. actual — il^i, actual 

Values of this expression were worked out for each exponent, for assumed values 

of Rp. A scale of values of Rp was laid off horizontally and from the same 

origin a vertical scale of values of the ratio of isothermal to adiabatic. The 

results found were then plotted, each point above its proper Rp and opposite 

its ratio value. Curves were then drawn through all the points found for the 

same value of s. In a similar way a set of curves for two-stage and a set for 

three-stage compression were drawn. 

This chart is also useful in obtaining the (m.e.p.) of the cycle if the (sup.pr.) 
and the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder be known. A second horizontal 
scale laid off above the Rp scale shows the (m.e.p.) per pound of (sup.pr. for) 
the isothermal no-clearance cycle. This is found to be equal to loge Rp, since 
the (m.e.p.) for no clearance is equal to the work per cubic foot of (sup.pr.) gas, 
which, in turn, for the isothermal case is (sup.pr.) loge Rp or loge Rp when 
(sup.pr.) = 1. 

Knowing the ratio of pressures, economy compared to isothermal can be 
found as explained above. Also knowing Rp the (m.e.p.) per pound initial is 
found from the upper scale. 

Since the latter quantity is assumed to be known, by multiplying it by 
factor just found there is obtained (m.e.p.) isothermal. Since volumetric 
efficiency is assumed known, all the factors are known for the first equation 
given above which, rearranged, reads 

, N.I m.e.p. isothermal (no clearance) 

(m.e.p.) actual = t -. — -r in . i^ , 

(economy isothermal; —il^,; 

Chart 8. This chart is drawn to give the cylinder displacement for a 

desired capacity, with various values of Rp, s and clearance. From the formula 

Eq. (58): (L.P. Cap.) =Z)(l+c-ci2pi). 

The right-hand portion of the diagram is for the purpose of finding values 

of (i2p)s" for various values of Rp and s, and is constructed as in Chart 2. The 
values of the lower scale on the left-hand diagram give values of Z) = (L. P. Cap.) 
-^{l-\-c — cRps), where capacity is taken at 100 cu.ft., this scale was laid 
out and the clearance curves points found by solving the above equation for 
various values of {Rp)i for each value of c. To obtain the displacement neces- 
sary for a certain capacity with a given value of Rp, c and s, project upward 
from Rp to the proper s curve across to the c curve and down to read displace- 
ment per hundred cubic feet. Also on the left-hand diagram are drawn lines of 
piston speed, and on left-hand edge a scale of cylinder areas and diameters to 
give displacements found on horizontal scale. To obtain cylinder areas or 
approximate diameters in inches project from displacement to piston speed line 



144 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

and across to read cylinder area or diameter. Figures given are for 100 cu.ft. 
per minute. For any other volume the displacement and area of cylinder will 
be as desired volume to 100, and diameters will be as \/desired volume to 100. 

As an example of the use of Chart 8, let it be required to find the low-pres- 
sure cylinder size for a compressor to handle 1500 cu. ft. of free air per minute. 
Receiver pressure to be 45 lbs. per square inch gage and (sup.pr.) to be atmos- 
phere. Piston speed limited to 500 ft. per minute. Compression to be so that 
s=1.4 and clearance = 4 per cent. Projecting upward from Rp = 4: to s 
= 1.4, across to c = 4:%, and down to piston speed = 500, find the diameter of 
a cylinder for 100 cu. ft. per minute is 6.3. For 1500 cu. ft. the diameter will 
beas Vl5X6.3 = 3.9X6.3 = 24 ins. 

Chart 9. This diagram for mean effective pressure in terms of initial and 
back pressure, clearance, compression and cut-off, facilitates the solution of Eq. 
(184) . The mean effective pressure is the difference between mean forward and 
mean back pressure. The former is dependent upon clearance, cut-off and initial 
pressure. In the example shown on the figure by letters and dotted lines, 
clearance is assumed 5 per cent, shown at A. Project horizontally to the point 
F, on the contour line for the assumed cut-off, 12 per cent. Project downward 
to the logarithmic scale for ''mean forward pressure in terms of initial pressure" 
to the point G. On the scale for ''initial pressure" find the point H, represent- 
ing the assumed initial pressure, 115 lbs. absolute. Through G and H a straight 
line is passed to the point K on the scale for "mean forward pressure," where 
the value is read, m.f.p.=49.5 lbs. absolute. 

Mean back pressure is similarly dependent upon clearance, compression 
and back pressure, and the same process is followed out by the points, A,B,C, D 
and E, reading the mean back pressure, 3.2 lbs. absolute at the point E. Then 
by subtraction (m.e.p.) = (m.f.p.) — (m.b.p.) =49.5 — 3.2 = 46.3 lbs. 

Chart 10 is arranged to show what conditions must be fulfilled in order to 
obtain equal work with complete expansion in both cylinders in a compound 
engine, finite receiver, logarithmic law, no clearance, when low-pressure ad- 
mission and high-pressure exhaust are not simultaneous. The diagram repre- 
sents graphically the conditions expressed in Eqs. (283) to (286). 

To illustrate its use assume that in an engine operating on such a cycle, 
the volume of receiver is 1.5 times the high-pressure displacement, 1.5 = 2/, 

then - = .667. Locate the point A on the scale at bottom of diagram, corre- 
sponding to this value. Project upward to the curve marked "ratio of cut-offs" 
and at the side, C, read ratio of cut-offs Zh/Zl = . 572. Next extending the 
line AB to its intersection D, with the curve GH, the point D is found. From D 
project horizontally to the contour line representing the given ratio of initial 
to back pressure. In this case, initial pressure is assumed ten times back pres- 
sure. Thus the point E is located. Directly above E at the top of the sheet is 
read the cylinder ratio, at F. Rc = Dl/Dh = 2A. 

If cylinder ratio and initial and final pressures are the fundamental data of 
the problem, the ratio of cut-offs and ratio of high-pressure displacements to 
receiver volume may be found by reversing the order, 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 145 

Chart 12. Diagram (A) is the Marks and Davis modification of the Cp 
curve of Knobloch and Jacobs, the integral of which (C) gives the heat of super- 
heat from any temperature of steam generation to actual steam temperature, 
while (B) shows the values for the mean specific heat above the temperature of 
saturation for the particular pressure in question. 

Chart 13. This diagram is for the purpose of finding the cubic feet per 
pound, or pounds per cubic foot, of a gas at 32° F. and a pressure of 29.92 ins. 
of Hg, if its volume or weight per cubic foot be known at any pressure and 
temperature. The curves depend upon the fact that the pounds per cubic foot 
(5) vary directly as the pressure and inversely as the temperature. That is 

T 29 92 
^32*') 29.92'' = d TP 7q9 — p~' The line of least slope is so drawn that for any 

temperature on the horizontal scale its value when divided by 492 may be 
read on the vertical scale. The group of lines with the greater slope is so drawn 
that for any value on the vertical scale this quantity times 29.92/P may be 
used on the horizontal scale. That is, the vertical scale gives the ratio of 
densities as affected by temperature for constant pressure, while horizontal 
scale gives the ratio as affected by both temperature and pressure. A recipro- 
cal scale is given in each case for volume calculations. 

To find the pounds per cubic foot of gas at 32° F. and 29.92 ins. of mercury 
when its value is known for 90° and 13 lbs. per square inch. On the temperature 
scale, pass vertically until the temperature line is reached, then horizontally 
until the curve for 13 lbs. absolute is reached. The value on the scale below is 
found to be 1.265, so that the density under the standard conditions is 1.265 
of the value under known conditions. Had it been required to find the cubic 
feet per pound the process would be precisely the same, the value being taken 
from the lower scale, which for the example reads .79, or, the cubic feet per 
pound under standard conditions is 79 per cent of the value under conditions 
assumed. 

Charts 16 to 21. These are diagrams of the properties of steam and give 
respectively the pressure-temperature values, heat of the liquid, latent heat, 
total heat, specific volume and density of the liquid, and specific volume and 
density of the vapor. The values in the charts correspond to the tabular 
values given in the steam table (XL). 

Charts 25 and 26. These diagrams, devised by Professor Parr were de- 

/ I — 32\ 
rived from Eq. (576), h = h' -0.000367 h{td-L) (l — T7y^)^ where h is 

barometric height in inches, after applying all corrections, and h' is pressure 
of saturated water vapor, in inches of mercury, corresponding to the temperature 
tw. The vapor pressure, h, is in ins. of mercury corresponding to given read- 
ings of the wet- and dry-bulb thermometers, td and tta, degrees F. The use of 
the curves is best illustrated by an example: if the dry-bulb reading is 75° 
F. and the wet-bulb 65° F., find the dew point. The difference of wet- and dry- 
bulb temperatures is 10°. From 10° at the top of the diagram (B) Chart 25 

project downward, and from 75° air temperature at the left of diagram project 
10 



146 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

to the right to the intersection, where the dew point is read by interpolation 
between the contour curves at (C) to be 59.5° F. These curves are drawn for a 
barometric pressure of 29.92 ins. (standard) and will not apply correctly, when 
the barometer is not equal to this, though with fair approximation, so long as 
the difference in barometer is not great. Where there is much departure the 
formula must be used. Chart 26 gives weight of aqueous vapor per cubic foot 
of mixture, in grains (yToV ^^•) ^^^ ^l^o the degree of humidity. The tempera- 
ture of the dew point 59.6° F.,is located at (C) on the right-hand side. Inter- 
polation between the ends of the contours for weight, gives 5.6 grains per 
cubic foot. On the same scale the temperature of the air, F., is represented at 
point (A) 75°, projecting to the intersecting point D and down to the bottom of 
the diagram gives on the scale for degree of humidity, 60 per cent. 

Charts 27, 28 and 29. These diagrams have been plotted chiefly from ex- 
perimental data: the lower values are new, but the upper are those given by 
Starr several years ago and generally accepted by refrigeration engineers, as 
standard. 

These data refer to the equilibrium conditions of the solution, and in 
using them for practical problems care must be taken to avoid applying them 
to other conditions, for example to solutions that are not homogeneous, or in 
which there has not been sufficient time for the establishment of equilibrium. 

Charts 30 and 31. These represent various fractionation tests plotted in 
curve form, on which are indicated the boiling-points of known hydrocarbons, 
and bands are added for the class of distillate in accordance with the Robinson 
classification. Horizontal distances represent fractions distilled, a fraction 
being the per cent by volume that has been discharged between two given tem- 
peratures in a boiling mass, the temperature continually rising. Incidentally 
it may be noted that the temperature is different in the vapor than in the boil- 
ing liquid, though that of the liquid is usually taken. The rate of boiling or 
application of heat very seriously affects these curves, any one of which might 
easily be changed thereby. 

Chart 33. This diagram gives the heats of reaction plotted as a function of 
S alone, laid off horizontally, and a separate curve drawn for each value of the 

CO 

p^^yr- ratio, 2, 6, 15 and infinity. The vertical distances are heats of reaction, 

first, per pound of gases produced and second, per pound of carbon, the former 
being a measure of temperature rise, and the latter of efficiency of reaction. 
These two heats are derived from Eq. (658) in the two Eqs. (661) and (662). 
S is the weight of steam per pound of air reacting. 

Chart 34. Here one set of the Mallard and Le Chatelier values for the mean 
specific heat of various gases given in Eq. (674) has been used to calculate the 
temperature rise above 32° for various quantities of heat. For any heat incre- 
ment per pound of gases there is a corresponding temperature increment that 
can be read off directly. Thus, for CO2, consider 1 lb. to receive 1000 B.T.U.; 
starting at 32° F., the temperature rise would be 3290° F.- 32° F.= 3258°, 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 147 

whereas from 1000° F. as a starting point this same 1000 B.T.U. would yield a 
temperature of 3690° F. or a rise of 2690°. 

Chart 36. The values of the factor of evaporation and equivalent pounds of 
water per hour per boiler horse-power may be found directly from the curves, 
which also give the heat per pound for dry saturated, wet or superheated steam 
above any feed-water temperature. The construction of this chart is given on 
the diagram. 

Charts 38 and 39. These represent a number of boiler tests with some one 
item of importance, selected to show the effect of various conditions of service 
and fuels in the same and different boilers, all of which are self explanatory. 

Chart 40. Calculation and use of diagram, giving constant volume lines for 
steam. To illustrate the method, the location of the line of constant volume of 
2 cu. ft. will be traced. Let the first temperature be taken at 800° F. absolute 
for the first point A, corresponding to 340° F. From the steam tables dry satu- 
rated steam at 340° F. has a specific volume of 3.786 cu. ft., so that the quality 
when the volume is 2 cu. ft. is 3.7^86 =52.8 per cent. The entropy of the 
water at 340° F., from the steam tables, is 0.4903, therefore the entropy in- 
crease in making this steam from 32° F. and at 340° F. = entropy of the steam 
+entropy of water content - entropy at 32° = 0^-032 = (.528 XI. 0984 + .4903) 
— = 1.0703. Another point B is located by assuming a temperature 
4=440° F. or 7^6 = 900, for which 06-032 = 1.5602 by the same method. 

To illustrate the use of the diagram in solving problems, suppose 1 lb. of wet 
atmospheric pressure steam, occupying 10 cu. ft. be enclosed in tank and heated 
to raise the pressure to 30 lbs. per square inch absolute, find the final tem- 
perature, entropy and dryness. From 14.7 lbs. per square inch on the pressure 
scale project to point P on the constant volume line of 10 cu. ft. and follow this 
line to the point C for 30 lbs. per square inch absolute pressure. Projecting 
from C to D the absolute temperature is found to be 710° or ^ = 250° F., and 
projecting from C to E the entropy 0c — 032 = 1.332. The final quality 

CM ^^ ^ 
==== = 72.4 per cent. 
OM ^ 

Again, if heat be added to raise the temperature to 842° absolute the entropy 
is found by following the 10 cu. ft. line to the point K opposite the temperature, 
and projecting down from K to Q the entropy is found 0^ — 032 = 1.724. 
The quality may be read off directly from Chart 44 which carries lines 
of constant quality that might be superimposed on this constant-volume 
chart. 

Charts 41, 42 and 43. These have been drawn to facilitate calculations of 
P, V, T relations for expansions and compression having various values of s; 

Charts 41 and 42 have been plotted to a vertical scale of ( p^) , with a double 

horizontal scale for the corresponding (y-j and {tft) • Each curve is for a 
different value of s, as marked on it. These are also given on logarithmic 



148 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

cross-section paper in Chart 43 as arranged by Gunn, where all lines become 
straight, to which an entropy scale is added. 

Chart 44. Calculation and use of temperature entropy diagram, lines of 
constant pressure and quality. Let it be assumed that the line of quality 80 per 
cent is to be located, starting with the pressure of 200 lbs. per square inch ab- 
solute, point A. From the steam tables t = 381.9° F. or Ta = 841.9, the en- 
tropy of the liquid is .5437, of evaporation complete, 1.0019, so that <^a — 032 
= .8Xl.0019H-.5437 = 1.3452. To locate a point B in the superheat region 
at the same pressure and for 100° of superheat, the steam tables are found 
to give directly 06 — (/)32 = 1.6120. 

The following problem will serve as an example of the use of the diagram. 
Steam at a pressure of 160 lbs. per square inch absolute, dry and saturated ex- 
pands adiabatically to atmospheric pressure and to some unknown quality to 
be found. From the point C representing the initial condition project verti- 
cally down to the pressure line 14.7, at point D. By interpolation the quality 
is found to be 86.5 per cent, as point D lies between the two lines of 80 per cent 
and 90 per cent quality. 

Another example will illustrate the passage into the superheat region. At- 
mospheric exhaust steam at 20 lbs. per square inch absolute, is superheated 120° 
by a reheater and then expands adiabatically in an exhaust steam turbine to an 
absolute pressure of half a pound per square inch absolute, to find the final 
quality. The initial condition is represented by point E, from which project- 
ing downward to the low-pressure line at H, lying between 80 per cent and 90 
per cent, the quality is found by interpolation to be 88.4 per cent and the tem- 
perature by projecting to K,is T = 540°. The corresponding volumes may be 
read off from Chart 40. 

Chart 45. The Mollier Diagram. On this diagram the total heats above 
32° are ordinates, and entropy from 32° are abscissa, plotted in a series of curves. 
On this chart the vertical distance from any pressure, temperature or quality, 
to any other, is the work done in heat units, by the whole cycle including an 
adiabatic expansion; this can be marked off on a strip of paper and referred to 
the scale of heat to permit the work to be read directly, or the ordinate of the 
low can be subtracted from that of the high point. As this is so convenient for 
turbine work a scale of corresponding steam jet velocities has been plotted 
beside that for total heats. A large scale chart of this sort is very necessary 
when many calculations of this nature are to be made and such may be plotted 
from the steam tables. 

Chart 46. To illustrate the use of the diagram, the following problem will be 
graphically solved. Find the Rankine cycle efficiency, heat and steam con- 
sumption for an initial pressure of 150 lbs. per square inch gage and dry satu- 
rated steam with a back pressure of 10 lbs. per square inch absolute. Starting 
at the initial pressure point B, project up to the 10-lb. back pressure curve point 
C, and then across to the efficiency scale point D, reading there a thermal 
efficiency of 19.3 per cent and a heat consumption of 13,200 B.T.U. per hour 
per I.H.P. Continuing across horizontally to the back pressure curve of 10 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 149 

lbs. in the left-hand angle to point E and thence downward to the water-rate 
scale point F, the value 12.6 lbs. steam per hour per I.H.P. is read off directly. 

Chart 47. To illustrate the use of this chart, find the thermal efficiency, 
heat and steam consumption, for the Rankine cycle, when steam is 90 per cent 
initially dry at 200 lbs. per square inch gage pressure, and the back pressure 15 
lbs. per square inch absolute. From the scale of quality at 90 per cent, point 
E, project up to point F on 15- lb. curve, and then horizontally to point G at 
18.98 per cent thermal efficiency and 13,400 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. heat 
consumption. Continue across to H and down to K, reading the water rate 
value 14.4 lbs. of steam per hour per I.H.P. on the bottom scale. 

Chart 48. To illustrate the use of this diagram, find the jet velocity, work 
per pound of steam, and mean effective pressure for the Rankine cycle for steam 
at 75 lbs. initial pressure gage, dry and saturated expanding to 10 lbs. absolute. 
Project up from point B to point C and across to point F where there is read, 
work done = 115,000 ft.-lbs. per pound of steam. Continuing across to D and 
down to E, (m.e.p.) =23.5 lbs. per square inch, or continuing CD across to G 
the jet velocity is 2790 ft. per second. 

Chart 49. To illustrate the use of this diagram, find work, jet velocity, and 
mean effective pressure, for the Rankine cycle when initial pressure is 200 lbs. 
per square inch gage, 50° superheat and back pressure 1 lb. per square inch 
absolute. Projecting up from point E to F and across to G, read, work 
= 272,000 ft.-lbs., velocity =4190 ft. per second, and stopping on the 1-lb. 
curve at point H the mean pressure 7.4 lbs. per square inch is read directly 
below at K. 

Chart 50. Carnot steam cycle. To illustrate the use of the diagram, 
solve the problem: For the Carnot cycle with dry saturated steam between 150 
lbs. per square inch gage and 10 lbs. absolute find the thermal efficiency, heat, 
and steam consumption. From point B pass up to C and across to D, reading 
efficiency = 21.1 per cent, and heat consumption 12,060 B.T.U. per hour per 
I.H.P. Passing horizontally to E and down to F' the water rate of 13.9 lbs. 
per hour per I.H.P. may be read off directly. 

Charts 51, 52 and 53. Carnot steam cycle. The use of these diagrams 
requires no special explanation since they follow in general the methods given 
for the Rankine cycle charts. 

Chart 54. Non-compression gas cycle. To illustrate the use of the dia- 
gram find for a Lenoir cycle receiving 800 B.T.U. per pound of working gases 
the thermal efficiency, heat consumption, and cubic feet of 300 B.T.U. per cubic 
foot fuel gas per hour per I.H.P. From the 800 point E pass vertically to point 
F on the Lenoir curve and thence horizontally to G on the efficiency scale, 
reading 35.2 per cent and heat consumption, 7250 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. 
Passing across to the 300 B.T.U. calorific power curve at H and down to K, 
the gas consumption is found to be 24 cu. ft. per hour per I.H.P. 

Chart 55. Work of the non-compression gas cycle. The following prob- 
lem illustrates the use of this diagram : Find the work per pound of working 
gases and the mean effective pressure for an Otto and Langen cycle receiving 



150 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 

500 B.T.U. per pound of gases. Starting at the 500 B.T.U. point G^ pass up to 
the cycle curve at H and then across to the point K on the work scale, reading 
260,000 ft.-lbs. Passing horizontally across to the point L and thence down- 
ward to point M the mean effective pressure is found to be 1.18 lbs. per 
square inch. 

Chart 56. Stirling gas cycle. To illustrate the use of this chart, find the 
efficiency, cyclic and fuel heat consumption for a Stirling cycle, for 300 B.T.U. 
supplied from fire per pound of working gases, 30 atm. compression, and a fur- 
nace efficiency of 40 per cent. Starting at point E at the value 300 on the upper 
scale, pass vertically up to point F on the efficiency curve referred to fire heat, 
and horizontally to G, reading thermal efficiency of 62.8 per cent, and cyclic 
heat supplied 4050 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. Continuing across to point H 
on the 40 per cent furnace efficiency curve and down to fire heat scale at K, 
the fire heat supplied is found to be 10,200 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. 

Charts 57 and 59. A similar procedure applies to the curves for the 
Ericsson cycle, which need no detailed explanation. 

Charts 60 and 61. Adiabatic compression » cycles. Illustrating the use 
of the curves the solution of the following problem is traced graphically on 
Chart 60. Required the thermal efficiency, cyclic heat, and fuel consumption for 
the Diesel cycle, supplied with an oil yielding 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot in its 
vapor, the cycle receiving 600 B.T.U. per pound of working gases after 10 atm. 
compression. From the 600 point E on the heat-supplied scale pass up to the 
10 atm. compression Diesel curve F, and horizontally across to the efficiency 
scale G reading 28.6 per cent and 8900 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. Continuing 
across to the fuel calorific power curve of 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot H, and 
thence down to K, the fuel consumption is found to be 6 cu.ft. 

The second set of efficiency curves, Chart 61, is used in exactly the same way 
as Chart 60, the only difference between the two being the scales. 

Charts 66 and 67. Comparison of rational and emperic formulas for air and 
steam flow. These have been calculated for air from Eq. (25) using 7 = 1.4; 
and by the Mollier diagram for steam. To this diagram are added some curves 
of experimental flow laws stated in Eqs. (951), (952) and (953). 

Chart 69. Velocity of air pipes. This diagram was calculated from Eq. 
(968) and also by the simple equation in which density changes are neglected. 
These give comparative results as indicated in the chart, reproduced from 
Kneeland. 

Chart 71. Chimney diameter. This diagram corresponds to Eq. (1005) 
which assumes that the minimum-cost steel stack has a diameter depending 
solely upon the horse-power of the boilers it serves, and a height proportional 
to the net draft required. 

Charts 72 and 73. Refrigerating effect, ammonia and carbon-dioxide. 
See the diagrams for construction and use. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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153 



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154 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 




f ! 

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Chart 4. — Mean Effective Pressure of Compressors, One-, Two-, and Three-stages. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



155 



^ Initial Pressure Lbs. per Sq. In. Abs. 




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Chart 4. — Mean Effective Pressure of Compressors, One-, Two-, and Three-stages. 



156 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 





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162 



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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



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164 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 









] 


L7 


16 


15 


Pressure inPouniasPer Sq. In. Abs.. 
14 13 12 11 




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Temperature i De^ees Fahr. 

1,05 , I I ||l.?0 I I I I 1.^5 I I 

I I I I I I 111111(11 I I I I I I I I I I I 

1.2 1.1 1 .9 .8. .7 _ .6 



•Till 



1.8 

I I I 



^ , „ ,. Density at 32°&29.92" , o ^ ^ ^- Volume at 32°&29 .92" 

Upper Scale = Ratio ^^:^ ~ : ^„ ^ Lower bcale= Katio 



Outer Scale = Ratio 



Density at any T&P 
Volume at 32° F. 



Inner Scale = Ratio 



Volume at any T&P 
Density at 32° F. 



Volume at any T ^""^^ ^" ^ Density at any T 

Chart 13. — Equivalent Gas Densities At Different Pressures and Temperatures. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



165 



U 

to 

a 
u 

Ph 

1-1 

o 



1.2 



<i> 

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TO - 

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1400 




































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10 



260 



60 110 160 210 

Temperatures in Degrees Fahr. 

Chart 14. — Ammonia Pressure-temperature Relations, for Saturated Vapor. 



166 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 




.1 .3 .3 .4 .5 

CCritical Temperature Divided "by any other Temperature)-! 



4 

CO 

o 
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1 








From Cailletet's Data • 
" Regnault's ^ 

" Stewart's Interpolation of Zeuner's Data + 
" Zeuner's Tabulation of Mollier's Formula 
based on Amagat's Data o 






/ 












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50 







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Xeanperafeures in Degrees Fahr. 
Chart 15.' — Carbon Dioxide Pres&ure-temperature Relations for Saturated Vapor. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



167 




n 

.Q CO 

9i . 



Ph. 
670 



650 
C30 
610 
590 
570 
550 



530 



s 



§3 
a. 



1200 



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520 
500 
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460 



3 05 310 315 320 ,. 325 . 33 440 
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M 

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69 



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130 135 110 145 150 155 



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1050 




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120 
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i255 200 266 270 275 280 325 330 335 340 345 350 500 505 510 515 620 626 

Temperature in Degree^ Tahr, 
Chart 16. — Steam, Pressure-temperature (Table XL). 



168 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



14 16 


18 2p 








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Upper Horizontal Scale =Pressures in Lbs. Per Sq. In. Abs. 
Lower '* " = Temperature in Degrees F. 

Tertical Scale =Heat Per Pound in B.T.Us Above 33° 



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55 


65 75 " 
15 2 


^ 










' ^^ 


20 -- "A" 








^' 






^"'^ : 






^^ 






,y 






(-"^ 






z 




y 






^' 




- 200 


.^^... 








;25 




2f-G 



21 



2ft 



B 



.30 



130 



230 



.455 465 
350 


^i75 
400 






420 


,? 




.^^ 


^-. 


^ 


©t 










^^ 






.y 




7' 


fisn 


^^ 










_ 


y'' 


r 5 













^' 






V ft / 


/. 


■\f\i- 


/ 




7 




/ 




^ 




<^ 


y^ 




/ 




/"^ 




/ 




,7 




^ - ^ 




^"^ ^ 













580 



590 



600 



i430 440 450 

275 300 















^ 














.A 


u 










































































^ 


































> 


















































1 


















































' 
































y 


































■ 
































t" 


































/" 
































- 


































-^ 


































1 




^ 


^ 




^ 


^ 














^ 


^ 









30 



.40 



50 



230 



.240 



>!50 








d 


y 


J ^ 


/ 


---\r- ,- ^ 


, f- ^ 


,^ 


: ^"^ 


: ./' 


/ 


J y 


^ 


7 


' ^"^ 







555 



505 



575 



Chart 17. — Steam, Heat of the Liquid (Table XL). 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



169 



34 3C 


38 40 

1 1 


45 












Stfj -i)- 






^' 






y 








/ 






~^ 


?* 






, ^ 








- ^ 








j^ 








J ~i 








^ 








J^ 








7 






.^ 








^^ 








~ZL 
























7 








255 


265 


275 


28 





360 






390 420 




^ 1 








: 3^ 


■Qrr 








- ..5- 


7Rft 










^z 






















i 






lI 






Z 












y^ 




►rort 






Z ± 








<^ 








y 


' 


























800I2: 




LL 







S70 



510 



430 ■ 440 
270 300 



450 455 
330 530 



(945 

«50 
955 



2? 


24 2,6 


28 


3 





















1 




I 


























/ 












/ 




-- 










/ 








/ 
















/ 














, 
















/ 
















4 
















^^ 
















7 
















/ 






























Zl 
















/ 
















it 
















7 




11. 






. 


LL 


I. 



2 


30 






1.4 






240 
1,6 








1 


8 


250 




2,C 


255 


960 


-H 


































,- 






































































' 




' 




































^ 






































>' 






















970 
















" 




































^ 




































^ 












































U 


L 


T 


LL 




L 




L 


L 


_ 


L 


L 




L 


- 


_ 




u 


"•0 



205 215 225 230 855 
^ 9 10 11 12 



200 205 355 



03 

w 

% JOIO 
03 





1700 1800 1901) 410 


Ilyi 


^ ^'^ 




y> 4aU 


i ^ 


,Zl 






,2;i 


2: 




7^ 530 


n^^^ 


^ 


^ 1 ' wo 


X^i III! ■X'^ 



005 615 ' 6^5 630 
1400 1500 IGOO 610 




600 605 



1150 


1200 


'1300 


770 


' 








1 




It 










7_ 










/ 












,'l 










X\ 1 










^^JJ 










/ 












Z7 












2 
















1 






z: 












zy 












z_ 












/' 










^ 


'^n^'^ 










/ 


1 










/ 


1 










/ 


1 






_ 


/ 




























.J-L 


1.^ 



'M. 



3 



w; 



i 



ii: 



1 



860 420 480 510 600 660 360 

IVl 



375 380 



1020 
130 

1020 



-E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ij T^ 



885 



110 120 130 


k/i 1/ 




/ 


4 


/ 


/ 




/ 


± 2: 




j^ 


' 


. ^ 


y 


f 


y 


-j^ 


z' 


7 


/ 





110 



150 155 330 



310 



350 355 



1030 













? 




-b 








TI" 


U 












L_ 


I 








^./•^ 












^-- 


'' 






















b>ri r 


^^ 










[ 












i_LLLL 











105 



115 



125 130 



1035 
1045 



6 7 


8 9 1,0 


1-i- '-+- 


" 1- = ^ 


'^^ 


T-^ 








^^■^ 


^ -- 


'^ 


^ ^ ^ 




^ ^ 









890 



895 



900 



905 



75 80 85 


op 100 






~t 










J 




Jr 




jf 




X 1 




y 




/ 1 


^L-^ 


1_ 1 


\y 














1 


?Y_i 






















505 515 525 530 

575 600 650 700 



100 105 305 



1050 



1060 




315 



325 330 



s 


5 








I 




65 


1.5 


75 


2 


80 


























, 


























^^ 




1065 


















"^ 




■' 






















^ "^ 




















































r-' 




















-" 




1 














xa/b 






1 




-il, 




■ ■J 




_ 


„„ 


~l 



50 


55 

1 








60 






65 

r 


7,0 


-H 






















s 




















^^ 




r 




















Z 


























910 




















Z 
























/■^ 




















/•^ 




















/ 




















,^ 








Q1 1\ 












^ 
















- 




/ 
















A 




















/ 




















/ 


1 














920 
























/ 
























/ 














































y 
























nbYf. 


LLL 


a 




^ 






.. 












iZ-iiir::i^± ^Tr 



655 665 675 680 

2000 2100 2200 2300 



480 400 500 505 

450 480 500 525 550 





SO 40 50 55 280 290 300 305 455 465 475 480 630 610 

Lower Scale = Temperature in Degrees F. Upper Scale = Pressure in IDs. per sq.in. aba. 

Chart 18. — Steam, Latent Heat (Table XL). 



650 655 



170 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



CllEO '? ' ^'^ 


12 13 , 14 










■i 


^^ 




^-''^ 




^ 






^ ^ 




^-■- 


ri^ 







190 



200 



210 



6.0 . 7.0 8.0 9.0 



1 1 


1 1 








^^'^ 1 






^ 


^ ^ 


^^'■' 






u 




r" 




i 



Lower Scale = Temperature Degrees .Fahrenheit 
Upper Scale = Pressure Lbs. Per Square Inch Absolute 

8 20 900 1000 1152 
1205 



1200 




180 lUO 
.5.0 6.0 



1130 



1125 




1210 



560 1210 



1200 



1205 



300 




t 


400 






500 




600 




roc 


























1 








^ 


-- 
























^ 
















































^, 














^ 




































^ 






































































y 


































-•' 




























"T 












^ 




^ 




^ 




. 




^ 




^ 




_L 


_ 


__ 





no 



400 



500 



150 160 

.2.3 2.5 2.7 3 3.5 



180190200 220 240 275' 



.1175 




d 

g 1120 
o 

f^ 130 



It-I 



140 150 
1.3 1.4151.6 1.8 1.92,0 2.2 



:i200 

,1195 
-'I 
1195 




300 120 510 GO(k 
Temperature, Fahrenheit 



1175 



370 390 410 
103 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 




w 

->^ 
o 
B 



1190 



! 1 I 


f 1 1 1 > 1 , 1 




> 




2! 








^ 


^± 








^^ 




^^=' 


N" 




J 



1150 



330 



350 



•53 

d 
o 

370 g 



;_ 110 120 130 
$, 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.25 
O 



58 62 06 70 74 78 84, 9,0 100 I^ii25 



-1105 
^00 





fr^iTPPi 




,2 








^ ^ 




^ 


^■'^ 








^ ^ 


"U 


■ ■ ■ ■ 


J 




1100 



90 



100 110 

0.3750.4 0,45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.7 
1100 



^095 



K090 
1090 



£:: 



•70 80 90 

2 0.25 0.3 0.35 




290 
30 3 


31C 
t 38 42 

1 r 1 r 


4C 




50 


330 
54 






























-' 














■r 




























,'' 


























. 


^ 














11-70 


_ ^^ 
















iL 
















^^ 
















y* 
























1 






























^ 


1 








1075 



li 



m. 



u 



il 



I 



Guide 



Curve- - 



30 l;iO 210 300 

Temperature. Fahrenheifr 



250 270 290 

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29.8 



1162 



£0 60 70 

0.1 0.125 0.15 cm 



1156 



__ 


1 I'l 1 '[ 1 1 1 1 I'l 


1 i'l ['ijIl.1 






""i^ 






,,— -^ 




rtf^ 






rf-Y^ "^ 






^^ 


U- 




p ^ 


-^i 


^^ 




n 



lS5w 




1400 






1450 










1574= 




-•s 




























' 


















































































































V 
















































1180 






















^ 
































N 






























































S 






V 
































";> 




















.. 




1 










11.5g 


80 
















59 













60U 



1080 



J075 




230 



240 



250" 1152 1200 1250 1300 1359 



.14,15 , 16 17, 18, 19,20, 1195 



1155 



1150 




1190 



ful J 1 1 1 1 1 




■^ ^ 




*=-.^ 




^v.. 






^^■s 








*> ^ 




'd- '^^ ' 




R "s 




1 



^0 600 



670 



680 



Chart 19.— Steam, Total Heat (Table XL). 



.TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



171 




180 190 200 


___ _ _____ 


^^ 


J> 


. ,7 


.T 


/ 


4 


,/ 


,a_ 


y' 


/ 


^^ 


>'' W 


^^ •+" 


."^ 


/ 





i60 



320 
61.7 



^00 
62.0 



.170 



130 



JIO 




I i 



56.6 
56.8 
57.0 
57.8 
57.1. 



UO 150 160 


._ .__j, 


z 


,21 


± 


,/ 


± 


^TT 


J^ 


/^ 


,<* C. 


-^ r 


,^ 


Z 


2. 



J40 



E::: 



58.0 
58.2 
53.4 
58.6, 





» 






-^^ 




^^ 




,w n" 




,--^ u 




j>' 













30 90 


JIO 




— IE 




^ .^'"'^ 




^ * 


«s " " ^ 




.^ *• '' 


-A- 


^ -- '" 


tr 


^ - '' 


q_r 




..It.. 



'60 


70 80 




D H 


1 


D i 


i 




^ 


r- ■*r "^ 1 




- — — "■* 




■■■■■■■ aLi 1 



2-- 



510 



520 



--1 — 


-« 


,^ 


it ^ 


^ 


"P* 




^ 


^^ 


^ 1^ 


J/ 


z 


^'^ (?r 


/' '^ 


'' T 


IL 



48;0 



500 



i9.2 
l9.6 




160 



T I 




^ ^ 


j^ 


^^^ 


it 


^ 


^ II 


i I- 


.^^ 


.-4- N4_- 


> .l^' 


T^ Ti "■ 


±L;:- 



300 50.8 
51.2 
51.6 






1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 IJ 




L. "^ 




^ 








^^ 


_ ^ 








^ 


1/ 


^^ 


K 








:^^....j:^.:. 



58.6 
hH 53.0 

.&3.4 

V.400 

53.6 
51.0 



550 



560 



a 
Q 
iO.O 



Z-ii 



530 



V510 





T\ 


"> 




,y^ 




^2"^ 




^ it 








^ 




j^ V 




^ 




,Z^ 




7>' 


|1 



610 



520 



i^^iiiijiiiX 



42.0 
41.0 
i6.0 
48.0 
50.0 
52.0 
51.0 



Guide 



m 



Curve 



-w- 



I 



I 



ai 



400 ^50 500 S50 60Q 



490 



IT 1112^ 


Z^ 


?^T 


■ 5^ X 


^ i 


i ± 


.^ ,A/ 


-.^ _yy 


^^ nn 


±1 tL.'.. 



470 



480 







T ;< 


^ 




_^ 


^ 


^^^^ \/ 


^==' V 


^"^ i 


«^ ±... 




ii:=Sf±Si:iI 



54.0 
500 55.0 
56.0 
'57.0 
58.0 
59.0 
60.0 
60.0 
60.5 
61.0 
61.5 
62.0 



Guide 



:S2 



Gur-v,e 



I 



Eq:I 



I 



200 250 300. ^0 40d 



410 



420 



520 



230 







-H-H 


q 




-.^ 




~ 






1:5:1 


- 


^^-- — 


- 


^-'f 




£h: 


- 



62.5 




50 100 150 20(1 
Temperature Degrees Fahr« 



380 



390 



Am 



240 51.4 

54.2 

5*4.6 

^^_^^ 55.0 
i20 ^ SO ^ 200 210 220 360 370 

Vertical^cale =iDensity, Pounds per Cu.Ft. 
HorizoataLScale ■= Temperature j'aUr.ejiheit 



42.6 
,43.2 



^li§-i=====3 



4 

( 


Q 


50 




CO 






: I 


\"=- 


1 












^ 






( 


""""«- - 














e:: 





59.6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IJJ 




^ ^ 




^ ^ 




.(=" 








^■^ 


_^ 






1 


00.0 ^' 


iJ 


^ 






^ 





n 




. 


,^' 








'r 




^ -^ 




=-'' R-- 




,«= ji-i 




-l" ^ 









580 


590 


SOO 




" " X 


3 










'fr 




. . _ 


-^ " 1 




41.0 


--i" X 






;' 




^0-^ 


: "' 0: 




^ "^ 


_r 




4*'8 3^. ...4 


i 




560- - 


'570 


580 



Chart 20. — Steam, Specific Volume and Density of the Liquid (Table XL). 



172 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



0035 ?55 




65^ 60 ^ 


"7 








- K 














^ " ,, 




: 1 t15 








' /! 


T 


v*^ 




y 




I -.It 


: / 




J 








: z 






-13 






Z 




8 - i- 








- J- - 




- J - 




j^ 


-.12 


t 


\ 


7 











1.05 



55 
360 


480 
400 430 


1 r 


~j. 


1 


.^ « 


0-- 


^ -.9 


-p ^ 


«: 




^' 




/' 




lb 






v' 




: ^"^ 


-.8 


y 




.7 










-.71: 











155 200 245 290 335 



430 



455 



270 290' . 320 


- _ i ^ X ---j-. 


n^ 2- 


? i <i 






2 


7 


/ 


-,Z -.6 




7 




^ 


2 


^ 




/ 


y 


y ^ 


, ^ 





J 




5 r 




\ 








-I- « 




9inA X A 








: S Z I 








: 5: "I 




IRrtft L 








' -"-s-=f- 




V° " 






"(- 






5 "" ;i 1 1 1 1 1 rt 1 1 1 1 1 


160 i" 


^='=^ 



8 1,0 1? 


ni 3 


-t < 


?^ ,^ 


-^ _ ^'^ J 




y'^ 


/ 


/ 


/ 




^ r 


: ^ 


^ 






.'^ 


^^ 


z 









.030 

2.3 
.025 

2 
3 



200 220 250 


ZC" "■ " "X3 


t ,^%. 


-X ,z 


^=' 




j^'' "V 


^ 


z 






^tL' 


^ 



30 80 130 
^,1?50 1460 1575 ^ 


"-^ 'U-L 


*• 


AA 


1 -r-r 




^f-r 


^ 


-,-q- 


*K ''"^ 


± 


* ^ -'•' 









580 



F. 605 



55 



^520 
.35 



-.45 



4 ^ 



1150 1250 


1 1 r-ri ■> 


-vl _ ,2 -3 


- i •?■! 






^^ 


-a!^ 


-■' " 4 2.5 





380 



405 555 



580 



.1 


.15 .? ' 


~T 


' vfftftft? 








I ^2 


"Jl'K. 


^ 








- t KK 




7 00 












' 


. 


f 


. 










'2 








1- - 65 






»^ftn _ V 








i 




t 
















■ - ' t 






CI 


/ 












-- -vt 




1 








i _ 




1 - 










85 


3300 I4.I..IV.. 


+ —400031 



180 



.020 




155 170 


185 900 975 


1050 


■ LL ' 


'~ ^ ~Z. 4 




rt-^ 


-M 






^..^-^ 




^^ -.lU 




.e^' 


p ^ 








1 -.<''' 


J-.36 J c 




- 




•"".45 






_^'' 




,£' 




^^■^ 




I,i 








B 





355 



110 125 ItO 


1 I'l ' 1 ' ^ 


-tM ^ OA 




^ '' 


^ 


2 ~ " 




-Z -.26 




i L 


,qz : -.24 







380 530 

505 750 



820 



555 
530. 



25 
2.2 
2. 



TTT 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I>l2.5 


-it ,-•' 


- ,<i 


_^^' 


i ..^ 


li I3-1.8 


: ^="1 


,'' - 


,'' 


^ 


,•' : 


-x' - 1 « 





330 

305 80 



1 j 1 1 1 '1 




02 


,1 




' .70 


- -li" 


y"^ 


-.22 




V -^ 






7 






7 






-y 




- j_ 








4- j- 






d- -v-l 


-.19 




2 T 




,? 






,7. 






: ^'' 






^'^ . 






J 






fi ^^'^ 













355 505 
90 100 



,75 



530 



5G5 620 685 


I '■^ 


•* 




5- ^ , .- 


^ -1.5 


-^ 




I ^'' ^ « 


^'^ -1.4 






/ 








^ 







30 55 155 180 305 330 48^ 

Lower Scale =Temp.in Degrees T'ahr., Upper Scale =Press;'in Lbs.per Sq.In.iibs- 



505 



Chart 21. — Steam, Specific Volume and Density of the Vapor (Table XL). 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



173 



Temperature.Deg. Cent. 




30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 300 220 240 

Temperature.Deg. Fahr. 

Chart 22, — Vapor Pressure of Hydrocarbons and Light Petroleum Distillates of the Gasolene 

Class. 



174 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



i-o 



20 



Temperature Deg. Centigrade 
30 40 ,50 . 60 . 70 



33 40 



60 



80 



IQQ 120' ' 140 

.Tempemtxire Deg. Fahrenheii? 



160- 



ISO 



200 



100 




Chart 23. — Vapor Pressure of Heavy Petroleum Distillates of the Kerosene Class. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



175 



Temperature, Deg. Centigrade 
20 , 30 40 50 60 

I. I . U I , L 




SO 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 UO 

Temperature Degrees, Fahrenheit 

Chart 24. — Vapor Pressure of the Alcohols. 



176 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



Difference in Temperature :Wet and Dry Bulbs t Degrees Fahrenheit 
2 4 6 8 10 13 14 16 18 20 




1 2 3 4 567 8 9 10 11 

Difference in Temperature :Wet and Dry Bulbs: Degrees Centigrade 

Chart 25. — Relation between Wet' and Dry Bulb Psychrometer Readings and Dew Point for 

Air and Water Vapor. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



177 









, 




\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\, 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 








1 




\ 


\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 


\ 










\, 


\ 


k' 


\ 


^j>\ 


85^ 






\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 




iL 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 






k 


\i 


^ 


\ 








\ 


\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 


\ 


N 


\ 


k 


N, 


\, 


\ 


\ 




v*' 


^ 


\ 








\ 


\ 






\ 


\ 


> 


\ 


\ 


\ 


s 




\, 


\1 


\ 


h?' 


\ 


\ 








\ 




\ 




N 


. 


\ 


\ 


\ 


s. 


\, 


\ 


S 


S, 


X^ 


N 


s 


N 


80^ 










\ 






\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 


S 


\, 


\ 


N 


P^. 


\ 


N, 


V 
v 








\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 




\ 


\ 


s. 


\, 


\ 


^. , 


^1 


\, 


s. 


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Degree of Humidity, Pej Cent 



Chart 26. — Relation between Humidity and Weight of Moisture per Cubic Foot of 

Saturated Air. 



12 



178 



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Temperature in Degress Fahrenheit 



210 



230 



250 



Chart 27. — Ammonia-water Solutions, Relation between 

Total Pressure and Temperature 

(Dotted Lines MoUier Data). 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



179 



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Xer Ce"nt by W^gkt of Anrmonta inSottflami. 

Chart 28. — Annnonia-water Solutions, Relation between Total Pressure and 

Per Cent NH3 in Solution. 



180 



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"130.36 






_„ 



5 10 11-8 15 20 33.3925 30 33,7335 4Q4J-55 i5" 50 55 

Percent by Weight of Ammonia in Solution 

Chart 29. — Ammonia-water Solutions, Relation between Temperature and 

Per Cent NH3 in Solution. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



181 













I 












r" 
I 








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1 




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1 








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n 1.2 ^ S 

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182 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



28S 



265 



245 



225 






205 



185 



165 



145 



i25 





































































































/ 




















































1^ 


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i 


















































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7 


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C.ur;ye*|. Gasoline fip^ Gv. .739 JBlo.unt 
rt #3 .» 11 .. .736 
rt #3 .1 u .. ^717 

" *6 » " '' .717 '^ 
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f 


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f 




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— 


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— 








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■"""" 


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—~ 








_(D> ' — 

o 


'/ 


'- 


N 


um 


Ders on 


Curve 


wit] 


lOU 


a# 


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ifer 


toi 


k( 


w. 


3f I 


>ist] 


Hat 


efr 


om 








■ - 


i3 
ill 






\i 


stt 


empers 


ture. 
































* 






















































1 










% 


if 








^ 


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e 


iO^ 








£ 


fe" 








1( 


K)^ 









Per Cent Jay "Volume Distilled 



Chart 31. — Fractional Distillation of Gasolenes. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



183 





























































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H pn^. 'H -GO 'GO— snmioA ^^ eSBqctrooiiaa: 



184 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



rooo 



6000 



5000 



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eS 
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P3 



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C3 



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4 Upper Curves -Heat of Reaction 
per lb. of Carbon. 
4 Lower Curves -Heat of Reaction 
per lb. of Gas produced. 












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Chart 33. — Heats of Reaction for Hypothetical Producer Gas from Fixed Carbon, B. T. U. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



185 





















COgConst. 


0,Const.^2 


fe CO ©onst 
CO 


Var.) 0< 


NaCVar.) GOj 
Var \ Steam Const 


C7 


ar. 


7 




CC 

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

B.T.TJ. per Pound of Gas 



3000 



3500 



4000 



Chart 34. — Relation Between Temperatures and Heat for Gases According to the Constant 
^ and Variable Specific Heat. 



186 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 




(asiB^ JO eoqoui) '^^ qsy puc aouuanj; uaoAv^aq pajmbaa W'JJ'CI JO 90J:o j 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



187 



2790 



2790 



2790 



2790 W 



2790 



Ph 



2790 ^ 



2790 



2790 



P. 

•o 

2790 ^ 
o 

Xi 

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H 

2790 



2790 



















































































t 1 


1 f 








































































~ 


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~ 


1300 
1250 
1200 
1150 
1100 

1000 

v 
u 
S 

90o| 

P 

s 

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800- 

1 

7003; 

> 


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S 

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P 

m 

300 
200 

100 



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1.288128 

1.236603 

1.18507 

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l.«3050 
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s 

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a 

ea 

t> 

til 

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y 
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111596 
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Upper Line=Temperature for Saturation, 
Lower Line=At)SQlute Pressures 

Chart 36. — Heat per Pound of Steam above Feed Temperature. Evaporation per Hour 
per Boiler Horse-power. Factor of Evaporation. 

Each of the upper curves gives directly the total heat per pound of steam above 32° 
and the distance between them and the lower curve intercept, that for any feed-water tem- 
perature, by a vertical distance. If, therefore, AB be the total heat for the steam above 
32° at 100 lbs. per sq. in. absolute and 20° superheat and DE the heat of Hquid at 200° F. 
feed temperature above 32°, then AC, the vertical distance between these two points, is the 
heat per pound of steam above the feed temperature 200° F. for 100 lbs. steam with 20° 
superheat. This can be marked on a slip of paper and read off on the extra scale to the 
right in terms of, heat in B.T.U., or factor of evaporation, or actual weight of water that 
must be evaporated per hour to give a boiler horse-power. 



188 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 




5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

Evaporation From & at 212°F, per Square Foot of Heating Surface per Hour, 

Chart 37. — ^Heat Balance for Locomotive Boiler Workine Under Various Rates of Evaporation, 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



189 






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lost 205^ 30i4 40?i 
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Chart 38. — Influence of Various Factors on Boiler Efficiency. 



190 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 




'0.2 0.3 0.4 

Draft over Tire in incites of Water 



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Chart 39. — Influence of Various Factors on Boiler Efl&ciency. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



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Velocities by approx. Formula: 

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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Velocity "Eeelrpet Second 
Chart 70. — Coefficients of Friction f for Air in Ducts. 

These values of the coefficient of friction are given by Rietschel for straight ducts of 
brick and iron for velocities up to 50 ft. per second; for iron ducts different values are given 
for perimeters or circumferences from 8 to 100 in. They are intended especially for air 
ducts with the usual velocities of air, 6 to 24 ft. per second when served by fans, and 3 to 
8 ft. per second when the flow is due to natural draft. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



221 




50 60 70 80 

Diameter of Stack in Inches 



Chart 71. — -Curve Showing Diameter of Chimney Stacks at Sea Level. (Stirling). 
For brick or brick-lined stacks, increase the diameter 6 per cent. 



222 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



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10 ^0 10 

Refrigerating Coil Press. Xbs, per Sq.In., Ga. 



20 



30 



40 



Chart 72. — Chart to Determine Available Refrigerating Effect per Pound of Ammonia 
for Any Refrigerator Pressure and Any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature. 



Construction and use of Diagrams, Charts 72 and 73. These diagrams are for the pur- 
pose of finding the refrigerating effect per pound of fluid, which is made up of the latent 
heat, or as much of it as is available, less the heat necessary to cool the liquid from its original 
temperature to that due to the pressure in the coils, plus the heat absorbed in superheating 
the vapor. 

A horizontal scale of pressures is laid off in both directions for a vertical axis carrying 
a B.T.U. scale. In the section to the right of the center axis curves are drawn representing 
various temperatures of the liquid before entering the refrigerator coils. These are so 
drawn that the vertical scale opposite the intersection of a vertical from any pressure with 
any curve gives the latent heat for that pressure, less the heat required to cool the liquid. 
This is the available heat for refrigerating if the vapor leaves the coils dry and saturated. 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



223 



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400 300 200 300 

Befrigerator Coil Press. Lbs. Sq. Iq« Ga, 



400 



600 



Chart 73. — Chart to Determine Available Refrigerating Effect per Pound of Carhon Dioxide 
for any Refrigerator Pressure and any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature. 



In the section to the left of the center axis are two sets of curves, the lower, representing 
temperatures of the vapor leaving the coils, is so drawn that the value of the left-hand 
vertical scale opposite a point of intersection of a vertical from any pressure with any curve, 
gives the heat absorbed in superheating the vapor. The sum of this and the value found in 
the first section gives the total refrigerating effect for the case when the vapor leaves the coils 
in a superheated state. The upper curves in this section represent quality of the vapor if 
the liquid has not been entirely evaporated and are so drawn that the value on the vertical 
scale opposite the point of intersection of a vertical from any pressure with any curve, 
shows the heat unavailable for refrigerating, due to incomplete evaporation of the liquid, and 
the difference between this value and that found in the first section gives the total refrigerat- 
ing effect for the case of wet vapor leaving the coils. 

As an example of the use of Chart 72 let it be required to find the refrigerating effect per 
pound of ammonia when the pressure in the coils is 20 lbs. gage, the temperature of the liquid 



224 



HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC 



© 

n 

o 

29 

27 
25 

23 

21 

19 

17 

15 
13 



5 Cu.Fi 
d -0188 .0186 .0184 .0182 .018 .0178 .0 

rn 1 1 1 1 


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53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 

Hjs. per Cu. Ft, 

Chart 74. — Density and Specij&c Volume of Ammonia-water Solutions. 



before entering the coil is 70° F. and 



(a) Vapor leaves dry and saturated; 
(6) Vapor leaves 92.5 per cent, dry; 
(c) Vapor leaves at a temperature of 30*^ 



F. 



From 20 in the right-hand section (Chart 72) project up to curve 70°. The value on the 
vertical scale at this point is 502 B.T.U., which is the value for case (o). From 20 in the 
left-hand section project to curve 92.5 per cent.; the value on the left-hand vertical scale is 
43, therefore, for case (6) the result is 502 — 43 = 459 B.T.U. For case (c), project from 
20 to curve 30°, the value on the vertical scale corresponding to which is 12.5, hence the result 
for this case is 502 + 12.5 = 514.5. 

The refrigeration per pound of fluid may be obtained from Eq. (1030), but since these 
are all tabular values, except the heat of air and of vapor superheat, the determinations 
can be readily made by means of the charts. From the data of these diagrams the dis- 
placements of compressors and pumps may be computed directly by the use of the slide- 
rule. When superheated vapor densities are to be evaluated, either vapor — ammonia or 
carbon dioxide — may be assumed to behave as a perfect gas, volumes being directly, and 
density inversely proportional to absolute temperatures. 

The volume per pound of ammonia solutions may be read off directly from Chart 74. 



i 



TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 



225 





































































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INDEX 

(Numbers refer to pages) 



Absorption of air in water (Winkler), table 
of, 60 
of gases by liquids, table of, 60 
Accuracy of Marks and Davis tables, 2 
Adiabatic expansion of steam, values of s, 

table, 14 
Air, absorption of in water, table of, 60 
and steam flow, charts of, 216, 217 
and water vapor, dew point, chart of, 

176 
flow, coefficient of friction for, in ducts, 
chart of, 220 
values of C for, table of, 113 
gas, blast-furnace, composition of, 
table, 99 
mixtures, best calorific properties of, 
table, 107 
explosive, limits of proportion, 
table of, 108. 
required for combustion, table of, 61 
velocity of, in pipes, chart of, 219 
Alcohols, vapor pressure of, chart, 175 
Altitudes and barometric pressures, 8 
Ammonia, gas, Mollier diagram for, 226 
pressure-temperature relations, for satu- 
rated vapor, chart of, 165 
refrigerating effect per pound, chart, 

222 
solutions, table of relations of, 54 
tables of properties of, how derived, 3 
T4> diagram for, 225 
vapor, properties of saturated, table of, 

41 
water solutions, table of partial pres- 
sures, 58 
relation between temperature and per 
cent NH3 in solution chart of, 180 
relation between total pressure and 
per cent NH3 in solution, chart of, 
179 
relation between total pressure and 
temperature, chart of, 178 
work absorbed in refrigeration by, 
charts of, 229 
Atomic weights, international, table of, 34 
Average distillation, products of, crude 
mineral oils, table of, 90 

Balance, heat, for locomotive boiler, diagram 

of, 188 
Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures, 

tables of, 8 
pressure, how used, 1 
Baume specific gravity scale, table of, 19 
Bituminous gas coal distillation, products of, 

table, 95 



Blast-furnace gas and air gas, composition of, 

table, 99 
Boiler efiiciency, influence of various factors 
on, charts, 189, 190 
flue gases, composition of, table, 106 
horse-power, evaporation per hour, 

chart of, 187 
locomotive, heat balance for, diagram 
of, 188 
Boiling points, table of, 32 
Brayton gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat 
and fuel consumption, charts of, 
210, 211 
use of diagrams, 150 
Brine, sodium chloride, specific heat of, 

table, 25 
British thermal unit (B.T.U.) vlaue of, 2. 
of steam and gases, variation of with 
temperature, chart, 185 

Calcium chloride, freezing points, table of, 19 
Calorific power and composition of coals, 
table of, 70 
of hydrocarbon oils, table of, 90 
of mineral oils, table of, 89 
properties of best air-gas mixtures, 
table of, 117 
Carbon dioxide, Mollier diagram for, 227 
pressure-temperature relations for satu- 
rated vapor, chart of, 166 
refrigerating effect of, per pound, chart 

of, 223 
tables of properties of, how derived, 3 
vapor, properties of saturated, table of, 

50 
work absorbed in refrigeration by, 
charts of, 230 
Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Ther- 
mal efficiency and heat consump- 
tion, charts of, 200, 201 
use of charts, 149 

work and jet velocity, charts of, 202, 203 
Cellulose and wood, comparison of, table, 69 
Centigrade and Fahrenheit temperatures, 

table of, 16 
Charts, construction and use of, 139-150 
Chemical compounds, heats of combustion 

of, 63 
Chimneys, dimensions of, by Kent's for- 
mula, table, 130 

relation of diameter to horse-power, 
chart of, 221 
construction of chart, 150 
Classification of coals by gas and coke quali- 
ties, table of, 87 
new basis of, 4 



231 



232 



INDEX 



CO from CO2, rate of formation, table of, 106 
Coals, classification of by gas and coke 
qualities, table of, 87 

combustible and volatile of, table of, 78 

combustion, rate of, table, 119 

new basis of classification of, 4 

new table of chemical and thermal prop- 
erties of, 3 

powdered, producer gas, composition of, 
table, 116 

rate of combustion of with draft, dia- 
gram of, 186 

table of composition and calorific power 
of, 70 
Carnot gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat 
and fuel consumption, charts of, 
210, 211 

use of diagrams, 150 
Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids, 
table of, 26 

of friction for air in ducts, chart of, 220 

of heat transfer, table of, 62 

of linear expansion of solids, table of, 25 

of pressure rise of gases and vapors, 
constant volume, table of, 27 

of radiation, table of, 61 

of volumetric expansion of gases and 
vapors, constant pressure, table of, 
26 
Coke oven, and retort coal gas, composition 
of, table, 94 

United States, composition of, table, 
98 
Combustible and volatile of coals lignites and 

peat, table of, 78 
Combustion, air required for, table of, 61 

heats of, table of, 63 

of coal, rate of, table of, 119 

rate of with draft, chart of, 186 
Complete-expansion Otto, gas cycle, thermal 
efficiency, heat and fuel consump- 
tion, charts of, 210, 211 

use of diagrams, 150 
Common logarithms, 132, 134 
Composition and calorific power of charac- 
teristic coals, table of, 70 

of blast-furnace gas and air gas, table of, 
99, 104 

of boiler flue gases, table of, 116 

of coke oven and retort coal gas, table of, 
94 

of hypothetical producer gas from fixed 
carbon, chart of, 183 

of natural gases, table of, 91 

of oil producer gas, table of, 113 

of powdered coal, producer gas, table of, 
116 

of producer gas, table of, 108 

of United States coke, table of, 98 

of water gas, table of, 113 
Compound engines, equal distribution of 

work in, chart of, 161 
Compression gas cycles, thermal efficiency, 
heat and gas consumption, charts 
of, 207-211 

work and m.e.p., charts of, 212, 213 
Compressibility of gases, table of, 82 



Compressor cylinder displacement for 

given capacity, chart of, 159 
Compressors, one, two and three stages, 
mean effective pressures of, charts 
of, 154 
Conductivity, thermal, table of internal, 65 

table of relative, 68 
Constant, gas, values of R, table of, 28 

pressure and constant quality lines for 

steam with T(i> diagram, 194 
volume, gases and vapors, coefficient 

of pressure rise of, table, 27 
lines for steam on the T^ diagram, 191 
construction and use of diagram, 
147 
Constants for the curve PF" = K, table of, 
13 
for use in Heck's formula for missing 
water, table of, 18 
Construction and use of charts, 139-150 
Consumption, fuel, Brayton gas cycle, 
charts of, 210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 

complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 
Stirling, 206, 208 
gas, and thermal efficiency, non-com- 
pression cycles, charts of, 204 
heat, and thermal efficiency, Carnot 
steam cycle, charts of, 200, 201 
Rankine cycle, steam, charts of, 196, 
197 
Conversion table, heat and power, 7 

inches of mercury to pounds per square 

inch, 10 
of units of distance, 5 
of power, 7 
of pressure, 6 
of surface, 5 
of volume, 5 
of weight and force, 5 
of work, 6 
Crank angle and piston position, table of, 

11 
Critical point, table of, 30 
Crude mineral oils, average distillation, prod- 
ucts of, table, 99 
Cubical expansion of liquids, coefficient of, 

table, 26 
Cylinder, compressor, displacement for given 
capacity, chart of, 159 

Densities, equivalent gas, at different pres- 
sures and temperatures, chart of, 
164 
of gas, comparison of experimental and 
computed values, table of, 29 
Density and specific volume of ammonia- 
water solutions, chart, 224 
of the liquid (steam), chart of, 171, 172 
Determination of m.e.p. for single-cylinder 
engines, chart of, 160 
construction and use of chart, 144 
Dew point for air and water vapor, chart of, 
176 



^ INDEX 



233 



Diagram factors for Otto-cycle gas engines, 
table of, 122 
to give economy of exponential cycles 
referred to isothermal, chart of, 158 

Diesel gas cycle, work and m.e.p. for various 
amounts of heat added, chart of, 
215 
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel con- 
sumption, charts of, 210, 211 
use of diagrams for, 150 

Dimensions of chimneys by Kent's for- 
mula, table of, 130 

Displacement for given capacity of compres- 
sor cylinder, chart of, 159 

Distance, units of, conversion table, 5 

Distillation, average, products of crude min- 
eral oils, table of, 99 
of gasolenes, fractional, chart of, 182 
of kerosene and petroleums, fractional, 
chart of, 181 

Distillates, vapor pressures of, chart of, 173, 
174 

Distribution of work, equal, in compound 
engines, chart of, 161 

Draft, rate of combustion with variation in, 
diagram of, 186 

Economy of exponential cycles referred to 

isothermal, diagram of, 158 
Efficiency, boiler, influence of various factors 
on, charts, 189, 190 
volumetric, of compressors, chart of, 
154 
Empiric and rational formulas for air and 

steam flow, charts of, 216, 217 
Engine, see under separate headings, steam 

and gas cycles. 
Engines, Otto cycle, mean effective pressure 
factors for, tables of, 124 
steam, and turbine efficiency factors, 
table of, 115 
Entropy diagram, total heat for steam, 
Mollier, 195 
-temperature and PV relations of gases, 
chart of, 193 
diagram with constant pressure and 
constant quality lines for steam, 
194 
for ammonia, diagram of, 225 
for carbon dioxide, diagram of, 227 
for steam, diagram of, 194, 195 
Equal distribution of work in compound 
engines, chart of, 161 
construction and use of chart, 144 
Equivalent gas densities at different pres- 
sures and temperatures, chart of, 
164 
Ericsson gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat 
and fuel consumption, charts of, 
207, 209 
use of diagrams, 150 
Ethylenes and naphthalenes from Russian 

petroleum, table of, 88 
Evaporation, factor of, chart of, 187 

of locomotive boiler, heat balance of, 

diagram, 188 
per hour, per boiler h.p., chart of, 187 



Expansion and compression, tabular values 
for, PF« = K, 13 
cubical of liquids, coefficient of, table, 

26 
linear of solids, coefficient of, table, 25 
volumetric of gases and vapors at con- 
stant pressure, coefficient of, table, 
26 
Explosive air-gas mixtures, limits of propor- 
tion, table of, 118 
Exponential cycles referred to isothermal, 
diagram to give economy, 158 
gas changes, charts of, 192, 193 
construction of charts, 147 

Factor of evaporation, chart of, 187 
Factors, efficiency, piston steam engine and 

turbine, table of, 126 
Fahrenheit and Centigrade temperatures, 

table of, 16 
Feed temperature and heat per pound of 

steam, chart of, 187 
Fixed temperatures, tables of, 15 
Flow change resistance factors, table of, 125 
Flue gases, boiler, composition of, table, 106 
Force and weight, conversion table of units 

of, 5 
Formation of CO from CO 2, table of, 106 
Fractional distillation of gasolenes, chart of, 
182 
of kerosenes and netroleums, chart of, 
181 
Fractionation tests of gasolenes, table of, 102 
of kerosenes and petroleums, table of, 
100 
Freezing, or melting points, table of, 34 

point of calcium chloride, table of, 19 
Friction, coefficient of, for air in pipes and 

ducts, chart of, 220 
Fuel consumption, Brayton cycle, charts of, 
210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 

complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 
Stirling, 206, 208 
elements, heats of combustion of, table, 

63 
liquid and gaseous, boiling points of, 

table, 33 
table of composition of coals, 70 
Fusion, latent heats of, table of, 31 

Gas, air-, mixtures, best, calorific properties 

of, table of, 117 
and air gas, blast-furnace, composition 

of, table, 104 
and oil engines, heat balances of, table, 

123 
changes, exponential, charts of, 192, 193 
coal distillation, bituminous, products 

of, table of, 99 
constant, R, table of, 28 
consumption of, and thermal efficiency, 

non-compression cycles, charts of, 

204 



234 



INDEX 



Gas, Bray ton cycle, charts of, 210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 

complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 

Stirling cycle, charts of, 206, 208 
cycles compression, work and m.e.p. 
charts, of. Bray ton, 210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 

complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211, 215 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210. 211, 214 
Stirling, 206, 208 

thermal efficiency, heat and fuel con- 
sumption, charts of. 
Bray ton, 210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 

complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 
Stirling, 206, 208 
non-compression, thermal efficiency of, 
charts, 204 
work and m.e.p., charts of, 205 
densities equivalent at different pres- 
sures and temperatures, chart of, 
164 
comparison of experimental and com- 
puted values of, table of, 29 
engines. Otto cycle, diagram factors for, 

table of, 122 

from fixed carbon, heats of reaction for 

hypothetic producer, chart of, 184 

composition of hypothetic producer, 

chart of, 183 

oil producer, composition of, table, 113 

pressure-temperature-volume relations, 

charts of, 192 
producer, composition of, table, 101 

tests, table of, 114 
PV and T(f) relations, chart of, 193 
water, composition of, table, 113 
Gases, absorption of by liquids, table of, 60 
and vapors at constant volume, pres- 
sure rise of, coefficient of, table, 27 
at constant pressure, coefficient of 
volumetric expansion, table of, 26 
boiler flue, composition of, table, 116 
compressibility of, table, 28 
natural, composition of, table, 91 
relation between temperatures and heat, 

chart of, 185 
specific heat of, chart, 162; of table, 22 
Gasolenes, fractional distillation of, chart of, 
182 
fractionation tests of, table of, 102 
vapor pressure of, chart of, 173 

Harter's weight of flow, superheated steam, 

chart of, 218 
Heat and fuel consumption, compression gas 
cycles, charts of, 
Bray ton, 210, 211 
Carnot, 210, 211 



Heat and fuel consumption, complete-expan- 
sion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 
Stirling, 206, 208 

and gas consumption, and thermal 
efficiency, non-compression gas 
cycles, charts of, 204 
and power conversion table, 7 
and temperatures, relation of, for gases, 

chart of, 185 
balance for locomotive boiler, diagram 

of, 188 
balances of gas and oil engines, table of, 

123 
consumption and thermal efficiency, 
Carnot steam cycles, charts of, 
200, 201 
Rankine cycle, (steam), charts of, 196, 
197 
latent, steam, chart of, 169 

of fusion for various substances, table 

of, 31 
of vaporization for various substances, 
table of, 31 
of the liquid, steam, chart of, 168 
per pound of steam above feed tem- 
perature, chart of, 187 
specific of gases, chart of, 162; table of, 

22 
of liquids, table of, 24 
of solids, table of, 20 
of superheated steam, 2; chart of, 163 
supplied and work, compression gas 

cycles, chart of, 214, 215 
total entropy diagram for steam, Mol- 
lier, 195 
steam, chart of, 170 
transfer, table of coefficients of, 62 
unit of, 2 
Heats of combustion of fuel elements and 
chemical compounds, table of, 63 
of reaction for hypothetical producer 
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184 
Heck's formula for missing water, 18 
Horse-power of chimneys, diameter for, 
charts of, 221 
per pound m.e.p., table of, 12 
per 1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply 
pressure gas, for single-stage com- 
pressors, chart of, 151 
for two-stage compressors, chart of, 

152 
for three-stage compressors, chart of, 
153 
construction and use of chart for 
single-stage, 139 
two-stage, 140 
three-stage, 140 
Humidity and weight of moisture, cubic foot 
saturated air, chart of, 177 
construction and use of chart, 145 
Hydrocarbon oils, calorific power of, table, 90 
Hydrocarbons, vapor pressure of, chart of, 

173 
Hyperbolic logarithms, 136 



I 



INDEX 



235 



Hypothetical producer gas from fixed car- 
bon, composition of, chart of, 183 
heats of reaction of, chart, 184 

Ignition temperatures, 3; tables of, 30 
Inches of mercury to pounds per square inch, 

conversion table, 10 
of water, theoretical draft pressure, 

table of, 117 
Indicator card, missing water from, 18 
Internal thermal conductivity, table of, 65 
International atomic weights, table of, 34 
Isothermals, compressibility of gases by, 

table of, 28 

Jet velocity and work, Carnot steam cycle, 
charts of, 202, 203 
Rankine, cycle (steam), charts of, 198, 
199 

Kerosene and petroleums, fractional distil- 
lation of, chart of, 181 
fractional tests of, table of, 100 
Kerosenes, vapor pressure of, chart of, 174 

Latent heats of fusion, table of, 31 
of vaporization, table of, 31 
of steam., chart of, 169 
Lignite, composition and calorific power of, 

75, 77 
Lignites, combustible and volatile of, 83, 85, 86 
Limits of proportion for explosive air-gas 

mixtures, table of, 118 
Linear expansion of solids, coefficient of, 

table, 25 
Liquid and gaseous fuels, boiling points of, 

table, 33 
Liquids, absorption of gases by, table of, 60 
coefficient of cubical expansion of, table, 

26 
specific heats of, table, 24 
Logarithms to the base e, 136 
to the base lo, 132, 134 

Marks and Davis' steam tables, 36, 40 
Maximum work and supply pressure, chart 

of, 156 
Mean B.T.U. value of, 2 

effective pressure and h.p., table of, 12 
and maximum work, chart of, 156 
and work non-compression gas cycles, 
chart of, 205 
Diesel cycle, for heat added, chart 

of, 215 
Otto cycle, for various amounts of 
heat added, chart of, 214 
compression gas cycles. Bray ton, 
' Carnot, Diesel, Otto and complete- 
expansion Otto, charts of, 212, 213 
Mean effective pressure, determination of, 
for single cylinder engines, chart of, 
160 
factors for Otto cycle engines, table of, 

124 
of compressors, one, two and three 
stages, charts of, 154, 155 
construction and use of charts, 140 



Melting or freezing points, table of, 34 
Mineral oils, calorific power of, table of, 89 
crude, average distillation, products of, 

table of, 99 
properties of, table of, 92 
Missing water, Heck's formula for, 18 
Moisture, weight of, per cubic foot of satu- 
rated air, chart of, 177 
Mollier diagram for ammonia, 226 
for carbon dioxide, 227 
total heat entropy diagram for steam, 
95 
Multi-stage compressors, mean effective 
pressure of, chart of, 154 

Napierian logarithms, 136 

Napier's coefficient of steam flow, chart of, 

218 
Naphthalenes from Russian petroleum, table 

of, -88 
Natural gases, composition of, table, 91 
Non-compression cycles, thermal efficiency, 

heat and gas consumption, charts 

of, 204 
use of diagrams, 149 
work and m.e.p. chart of, 205 

Oil and gas engines, heat balances of, table 

of, 123 
Oil gas, properties of, table of, 90 

producer gas, composition of, table of, 

113 

Oils, hydrocarbon, calorific power of, table 

of, 90 

mineral, calorific power of, table of, 89 

crude, average distillation, products 

of, table of, 99 
properties of, table of, 92 
Otto-cycle gas engines, diagram factors for, 
table of, 122 
mean effective pressure factors for, 
tables of, 124 
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel con- 
sumption, charts of, 210, 211 
use of diagrams, 150 
work, and m.e.p. for various amounts of 
heat added, chart of, 214 

Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleum, 

table of, 88 
Parr's psychrometric diagrams, 176, 177 
Peat, composition and calorific power of, 77 

combustible and volatile of, 86 
Petroleum and kerosene, fractional distilla- 
tion of, chart of, 181 
distillates, vapor pressure of heavy, 

chart of, 174 
ethylenes and naphthalenes from, table 

of, 88 
kerosenes, fractionation tests of, table of, 

100 
light, vapor pressure of, chart of, 173 
paraffines from, table of, 88 
Pipes, velocity of air in, chart of, 192 
Piston positions for any crank angle, table of, 
11 



236 



INDEX 



Pitot tube readings and velocity of air, chart 

of, 219 
Pounds per square inch to inches of mercury, 

conversion table, 10 
Power and heat, conversion table, 7 
(h.p.) and m.e.p., table of, 12 
units of, conversion table of, 7 
Pressure, barometric, table of, 8 

constant of steam, with T^ diagram, 194 
in inches of water, theoretical draft, 

table of, 131 
mean effective, for compressors, one two 

and three stages, chart of, 154 
rise, of gases and vapors at constant 

volume, coefficient of, table, 27 
temperature, relations for saturated 
vapor, carbon dioxide, chart of, 166 
for saturated vapor of ammonia, 

chart of, 165 
steam, chart of, 16, 167 
volume relations of gases, charts of, 
192 
units of, conversion table, 6 
vapor of heavy petroleum distillates, 
chart of, 174 
of hydrocarbons, chart of, 173 
volume and T0 relations of gases, chart 
of, 193 
ratios, constants for, table of, 13 
values of, for gases, various condi- 
tions, table of, 28 
Pressures, interpretation of, 1 
Producer gas, composition of, table of, 108 
from fixed carbon, composition of hypo- 
thetical, chart of, 183 
hypothetical from fixed carbon, B.T.U., 

heats of reaction, chart of, 184 
powdered coal, composition of, table of, 

116 
tests of, table of, 114 
Products of bituminous gas coal distillation, 
table of, 99 
of crude mineral oils, average distilla- 
tion, table of, 99 
Properties of ammonia and carbon dioxide, 
tables of, how derived, 3 
of mineral oils, table of, 92 
of oil gas, table of, 90 
of saturated carbon dioxide vapor, table 
of, 50 
ammonia vapor, table of, 41 
steam, table of, 36 
of superheated steam, tables of, 40 
Psychrometer readings, chart of, 176. Con- 
struction and use of chart, 145 

Quality, constant steam, lines of with T<^ 
diagram, 194 

R, gas constant, table of, 28 
Radiation coefficients, table of, 61 
Rankine cycle (steam) thermal efficiency and 
heat consumption, charts of, 196, 
197 
use of charts, 148, 149 
work and jet velocity, charts of, 198, 
199 



Rate of combustion of coal with draft, dia- 
gram of, 186 
table of, 119 
of formation of CO from CO2 and car- 
bon, table of, 106 
Rational and empiric formulas, air and steam 

flow, charts of, 216, 217 
Reaction, heats of, for hypothetical producer 
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184 
Refrigerating effect per pound ammonia, 
chart of, 222 
carbon dioxide, chart of, 223 
Refrigeration, work absorbed in by am- 
monia, charts of, 229 
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230 
Relative thermal conductivity, table of, 68 
work of two-stage compressors, com- 
pared to single-stage, chart of, 157 
Resistance factors, flow change, table of, 125 
Retort coal and coke oven gas, composition 
of, table of, 94 

s values of for adiabatic expansion of steam, 
table of, 14 
for various substances and conditions, 
15 
Saturated ammonia vapor, properties of, 
table, 41 
carbon dioxide vapor, properties, table 

of, 50 
steam, table of properties of, 36 
Single cylinder engines, determination of 
mean effective pressure in, chart 
for, 160 
-stage compressors, horse-power per 
1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply 
pressure gas, chart of, 151 
work per cubic foot supply pressure, 
chart of, 151 
Sodium chloride brine, specific heat of, table, 

25 
Solids, coefficient of linear expansion of, 
table of, 25 
specific heats of, table, 20 
Solutions, ammonia-water, relation between 
total pressure and per cent NH3 in 
solution, chart of, 179 
relation between total pressure and 
temperature, chart of, 178 
between temperature and per cent 
NH3 in solution, chart of, 180 
table of relations of, 54 
of partial pressures, 58 
Specific gravity scale, Baume, table of, 19 
heat of sodium chloride brine, table of, 
25 
of gases, chart of, 162; table of, 22 
of liquids, table of, 24 
of solids, table of, 20 
of superheated steam, 2; chart of, 
163 
volume and density of the liquid, 
(steam), chart of, 171, 172 
Stack, see Chimney. 

Steam, adiabatic expansion of, values of s 
for, table of, 14 
and air flow, charts of, 216, 217 



INDEX 



237 



Steam, consumption of, and thermal effi- 
ciency, Carnot cycle, charts of, 200, 
201 
Rankine cycle, charts of, 196, 197 
engine (piston) and turbine efficiency 
factors, table of, 126 
piston position and crank angle, table 
of, 11 
expansion and compression of, tabu- 
lar values for given ratios of PV, 13 
flow, curves of for superheated steam, 

218 
heat of the liquid, chart of, 168 
heat per pound of, above feed tempera- 
ture, chart of, 187 
latent heat, chart of, 169 
pressure-temperature, chart of, 167 
relation between temperatures and 

heat, chart of, 185 
saturated, table of properties of, 36 
specific heat of, 2 
specific volume and density of the liquid, 

chart of, 171, 172 
superheated, table of properties of, 40 

specific heat of, chart of, 163 
tables, saturated 36; superheated, 40 
thermal efficiency and heat consump- 
tion of (Rankine cycle), charts of, 
196, 197 
(Carnot cycle) charts of, 200, 201 
total heat, chart of, 170 

entropy, diagram for, MoUier, 195 
work per pound of and jet velocity 
(Carnot cycle), charts, 202, 203 
Rankine cycle, charts of, 198, 199 
Stirling gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat 
and fuel consumption, charts of, 
206, 208 
use of diagrams, 150 
Superheated steam, flow of, chart of, 218 
properties of, table of, 40 
specific heat of, 2; chart of, 163 
Supply pressure and maximum work, chart 
of, 156 
construction and use of chart, 141 
Surface, units of, conversion table, 5 
Symbols, table of, xv 

Table of symbols, xv 

Tables, see list of, pageix; also under sepa- 
rate headings. 
Temperature-pressure, relations for am- 
monia saturated vapor, chart of, 
165 
relations for carbon dioxide saturated 
vapor, 166 
for steam, chart of, 167 
volume relations of gases, charts of, 192 
Temperatures and heat, relation of for gases, 
chart of, 185 
construction of chart, 146 
Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit, 
table of, 16 
fixed, table of, 15 
of ignition, 3; table of, 30 
Thermal conductivity, table of internal, 65 
table of relative, 68 



Thermal efficiency and heat consumption, 
Rankine cycle (steam), charts of, 
196, 197 
Carnot steam cycle, charts of, 200, 
201 
heat and fuel consumption, adiabatic 
compression cycles, use of diagrams, 
150 
Thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consump- 
tion, Brayton cycle, charts of, 210, 
211 
Carnot cycle, charts of, 210, 211 
complete expansion Otto, 210, 211 
Diesel, 210, 211 
Ericsson, 207, 209 
Otto, 210, 211 
Stirling, 206, 208 
non-compression gas cycles, charts of, 
204 
Theoretical draft pressure in inches of water, 

table of, 131 
T<^ and PV relations of gases, chart of, 193 
T(j> diagram and constant-volume lines, 191 
for ammonia, 225 
for carbon dioxide, 227 
with lines of constant pressure and 
quality for steam, 194 
construction and use of diagram, 148 
Three-stage compressors, horse-power of, 
chart of, 153 
work of, chart of, 153 
Transfer of heat, table of, coefficients for, 

62 
Turbine and piston engines efficiency factors 

for, table of, 126 
Two-stage and three-stage compressors, 
compared to single-stage, chart of, 
157 
Two-stage compressors, horse-power of, 
chart of, 152 
work of, chart of, 152 

Unit of heat, 2 

Units of distance, conversion table of, 5 

of heat and power, conversion table, 7 

of power, conversion table, 7 

of pressure, conversion table, 6 

of surface, conversion table, 5 

of velocity, table, 7 

of volume, conversation table, 5 

of weight and force, conversion table, 5 

of work, conversion table, 6 

United States coke, composition of, table of, 
98 

Use and construction of charts, 139 to 150 

Values of C for air flow, table of, 125 
of the gas constant, R, table of, 28 
of 5 for adiabatic expansion of steam, 
table of, 14 
for various substances and condi- 
tions, 15 
of X for use in Heck's formula for missing 
water, 18 
Vapor pressure of the alcohols, chart of, 175 
of heavy petroleum distillates, chart of, 
174 



238 



INDEX 



Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons of the gaso- 
lene class, chart of, 173 
Vaporization, latent heat of, table of, 31 
Velocity of air in pipes, chart of, 219 

units of, table of, 7 
Volatile and combustible of coals, lignites, 

and peat, table of, 78 
Volume, pressure and T</) relations of gases, 
charts of, 193 
-temperature-pressure relations of gases, 

charts of, 192 
units of, conversion table, 5 
Volumetric efficiency of compressors, chart 
of, 154 
construction and use of chart, 140 
expansion of gases and vapors at con- 
stant pressure, coefficient of, table 
of, 26 

Water, absorption of air by, table of, 60 
gas, composition of, table of, 113 
missing, from indicator card, 18 
Weight and force, units of, conversion table 

of, 5 
Weights, atomic, international, table of, 

34 
Wet and dry bulb psychrometer readings, 

chart of, 176 
Wood and cellulose, table of comparison of, 

69 
Work absorbed in refrigeration by ammonia, 
charts of, 229 
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230 



Work absorbed and jet velocity, Carnot 
steam cycle, charts of, 202, 203 
Rankine cycle, (steam), charts of, 198, 
199 
and m.e.p. Diesel cycle for various 
amounts of heat added, chart of, 
215 
Otto cycle, chart of, 214 
for the compression gas cycles, 
Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, Otto, 
and complete expansion Otto, 
chart of, 212, 213, 214, 215 
for non-compression gas cycles, 
charts of, 205 
use of diagram, 149 
Work, equal distribution of in compound 
engines, chart of, 161 
maximum, and supply pressure, chart 

of, 156 
of two-stage and three-stage compress- 
ors, compared to single-stage, 
chart of, 157 
per cubic foot of supply pressure gas for 
single-stage compressors, chart of, 
151 
construction and use of chart, 139 
for two-stage compressors, chart of, 
152 
construction and use of chart, 140 
for three-stage compressors, chart of, 
153 
construction and use of chart, 140 
units of, conversion table, 6 



